Unlike a) and b) above, PR can have several forms. December 1918: Women Vote for the First Time, Fight for the vote: the 1819 Peterloo Massacre, Rosa May Billinghurst: The Disabled Suffragette, Timeline: Legal Development of Citizens Rights and Equality UK, VIDEO: Supplementary voting Explained (with subtitles), Compare the Parties: 2017 General Election. In 1993, the Labour Party established the Plant Commission to recommend a new voting system for electing MPs in the United Kingdom. To take all the points into account, the advantages are that it is a simpler system, opinions can be clearly expressed, tends to produce a two party system which is better for governments that are formed and costs are kept down for smaller parties. The process of counting the results takes longer under STV, meaning that results cannot usually be declared on the same night as the vote takes place. Nie wieder prokastinieren mit unseren Lernerinnerungen. If there are more than two strong candidates, voters must guess which two will make the final round, and if they guess . NRS 396.005 Definitions.. NRS 396.010 Seat of University; extension instruction, research and service activities conducted throughout State.. NRS 396.020 Legal and corporate name of University; name and composition of System. The candidate with the most votes wins the election. The cookie is a session cookies and is deleted when all the browser windows are closed. Labour MP Dale Campbell-Savours was the first person to propose the Supplementary Vote system. Supplementary vote is an electoral system which allows voters to rank their top two candidates in order of preference. Identify your study strength and weaknesses. And once the voting period is over, the system will automatically tally the results, so you don't have to do it yourself, saving your organization a lot of time and money. When you use this system, it only allow you (the voter) to choose between two options while having only one alternative is not going to be helpful when you build a consensus, theoretically speaking. What are the advantages, disadvantages, and possible paradoxes in a single transferable vote (STV) system? In 2021, A supplementary Vote is used in electing ma, Philosophy of the Declaration of Independence, Slavery and the Constitutional Convention. With only one party person per constituency, the representatives elected may not share the views of their electorate. How many candidates on the ballot do voters select using the SV system? The system of electors is also not fair because the people can not control who they are voting for has the electors, and the states number of electors are equal to the number of people on its congressional delegation, which gives big states an advantage over small states. Another disadvantage of SV is that a coalition government may be formed when no candidate has 50 percent of the first preference vote. Increasing participation among voters from non-English speaking backgrounds and with English as a Second Language Voters with low English literacy levels or from non-English speaking backgrounds might benefit from electronic voting. second preference votes for voters who voted for the eliminated candidates are added, and the candidate with the most votes will win. It must be noted that PR often results in minority governments. Supplementary Vote was said to be the brainchild of Labour Party Member of Parliament Dale Campbell-Savours, who wrote an article on it in 1989 and proposed it as an alternative to the First-Past-the-Post voting system in the UK parliamentary elections. The advantages of online voting systems include increased efficiency, improved accuracy, and greater voter engagement compared to paper ballots. Election is a method for citizens to cast their vote for their representatives and elections are also serves and to confirm those who hold power. While Supplementary Vote counts only first and second preference votes, AV counts 1, 2, 3, 4, and so on. Some people in New Zealand, although favouring PR, do not like MMPR since all legislative members are not responsible to or elected by a constituency. These cookies can only be read from the domain that it is set on so it will not track any data while browsing through another sites. Each system has its positive aspects and each has its flaws. The Conservative Party prefers the present FPP system, while the Liberal Party also embraces the Preferential Ballot system. Voters rank their two candidates in order of preference. The candidate with the most votes wins the election. By registering you get free access to our website and app (available on desktop AND mobile) which will help you to super-charge your learning process. Copyright Get Revising 2023 all rights reserved. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Since voters are not obligated to provide a second preference vote, a second vote becomes useless if the vote is cast for a candidate who does not make it into the top two. SV gives the voter more power because both first and second preferences may count. It specifically covers advantages and disadvantages of each system - the manual election system or automated election. Finally, they submit their vote, and the system tallies the results. Take time to think through these criteria and decide if online elections are the right choice for you! An online voting system is a platform that allows organizational members to cast their votes electronically, which can be through a website, mobile app, or any internet-connected device. As a result, both real and opportunity costs of voting are significantly reduced. We are a volunteer run organisation, we need your support to help our content reach and inform more voters. This cookies is set by Youtube and is used to track the views of embedded videos. STV also removes the need for tactical voting. In PRSTV for example, in which voters vote for candidates using the PR or Preferred Ballot, when a very popular candidate, who is the first choice of a voter, receives in excess of the number required to be elected, that excess is transferred to the voters second choice. This is a step for realizing the ambition to create a democracy county that fair to all . ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES. Second preferences on all losing candidates are added to the top two, and a majority is gained usually. Mayors of London, Police and Crime Commissioners, Chairs of a Committee in the House of Commons, some Westminster MPs, Private Elections. It is very fast as compare to traditional paper ballot voting system. Get Revising is one of the trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. The voter doesn't need to wait in long queue for voting. In sparsely populated areas, like the Scottish Highlands, STV could lead to enormous constituencies. Technically, the process of voting is different as two votes are cast, although there is a similarity in that each party may only propose one candidate, and the voter has no say over the selection of these candidates. Advantages of Online Voting System [6]: It is very much portable system as the system works on internet only the internet supporting device is required. It is a relatively new voting system that encourages candidates to appeal to a wider constituency and to conduct a more positive election campaign. Therefore, SV does not promote fairness and equal representation of the constituencies during legislative elections. SV is suitable for stand-alone elections where a single executive figure must emerge as a unifying figure and in this case the system confers legitimacy on the winner by demonstrating their ability to attract support from across the capital city; it also tends to reward candidates who lean towards the centre ground. Like the SV system, AV is not considered to be a proportional system. These ideas will help you decide if you should implement the system in your organization. First-Past-the-Post is a plurality voting system used in the Westminster Parliament to elect Members of Parliament. This cookie is set when the customer first lands on a page with the Hotjar script. The number of votes doesnt matter at all. Best study tips and tricks for your exams. , edexcel- What is difference between Supplementary Vote and Alternative Vote (AV) , Should we change the voting system in the UK? It encourages tactical guesswork where a large number of candidates would be reduced to only first and second preferences. We'll assume you're ok with this, but you can opt-out if you wish. In the supplementary voting process, some second preference votes are ignored and are not transferred to the top two candidates, thereby wasting the votes of candidates who have been eliminated and those who may be from smaller parties. Where is the Supplementary Vote System used? This article will discuss both the pros and cons of the process. Supplementary Vote is a majoritarian system. In September 2021, the UK government proposed to replace Supplementary Vote with? SV does not eliminate the likelihood of tactical voting. See also Advantages and Disadvantages of Quick Sort 5. The voters were said to be confused. First and second choice given, if someone gets 50% as their first choice then they are elected. In September 2021, the UK government proposed to replace Supplementary Vote with? The document contains What supplementary vote is, its advantages and disadvantages Uploaded on August 9, 2022 Number of pages 1 Written in 2022/2023 Type Summary Subjects Supplementary vote voting system electoral system elections general elections Written for Study Level A/AS Level Examinator PEARSON (PEARSON) Subject Government and Politics The Amendment to the Elections Bill 2021 proposed to scrap the Supplementary Vote System and replace it with First Past the Post. The one endorsed by the NDP Federal Party is known as Mixed Member Proportional Representation (MMPR). It is important for persons to recognize these, and not be misled. The seats vary in size and turnout can range widely between constituencies, some of which are more marginal than others. Unlike the Alternative Vote, SV does not ensure that the winning candidate has the support of at least 50% of the electorate. Few wasted votes; Candidates encouraged to work a lot harder for majority; . The commission recommended the Supplementary Vote system, which had never been used anywhere in the world. An elected candidate wins over 50% of the first preference votes. Under SV, unlike AV, voters are limited to a first and second preference choice. Only the first and second preferences are counted in the supplementary vote whereas, with the AV system, all the candidates are ranked in order of preference. Whilst similar to the Alternative Vote System (AV), which asks voters to rank all of the candidates by preference, the SV system asks voters to select only their first and second preference candidates. c) The new kid on the Bloc (pun intended) is Proportional Representation (PR). The purpose of the cookie is not known yet. Supplementary Vote (SV) is a majoritarian electoral system in which voters rank their top two candidates in order of preference. Voting Process Essay . b) A second voting system, using a Preferential Ballot (PB), in which voters rank their preferences by numbering their first, second, third, etc. What is the required amount of votes an elected candidate should win in the Supplementary Vote System? The Supplementary Vote system was introduced by the Labour Party to be used in UK parliamentary elections. According to her, FPTP promotes accountability of the elected officials (mayors and police commissioners). By encouraging candidates to seek first, as well as lower-preference votes, the impact of negative campaigning is significantly diminished. Candidates dont need a majority of votes to be elected; all they require is a known quota, or share of the votes, determined by dividing the number of valid votes cast by the number of positions to be filled, plus one. However, in the supplementary vote, an elected candidate needs to win only first preference votes. Other types of proportional representation, such as the Single Transferable Vote (STV), usually encompasses other considered franchise advantages. In fact, the voting turnout in the United States is remarkably low. The voting process is divided into two stages. 11. Supplementary Vote was said to be the brainchild of Labour Party Member of Parliament Dale Campbell-Savours, who wrote an article on it in 1989 and proposed it as an alternative to the First-Past-the-Post voting system in the UK parliamentary elections. The supplementary vote system is used to elect a single winner and is one of a group of preferential voting systems used in the UK and elsewhere to elect public officials. By the nature of SV there can be a lot of wasted votes; because the votes cast in the first round may end up not being transferring and notcounted in the second round. As with the simple plurality system, SV does quickly reduce a potentially large field of candidates down to a choice between two parties; first ballot votes cast for small parties are significant only for the second preferences attached to them and this is a disincentive to voters. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Cost effective Copyright Get Revising 2023 all rights reserved. In the supplementary voting process, some second preference votes are ignored and are not transferred to the top two candidates, thereby wasting the votes of candidates who have been eliminated and those who may be from smaller parties. If not, top two candidates go into a second round. The Minister of the Constitution in the Cabinet Office, Chloe Smith, suggested FPTP was much simpler and fairer to the voters compared to the Supplementary Vote. The cookie is used to calculate visitor, session, campaign data and keep track of site usage for the site's analytics report. Over 10 million students from across the world are already learning smarter. t. e. The supplementary vote (SV) is an electoral system used to elect a single winner, in which the voter ranks the candidates in order of preference. The Alternative Vote system (AV) is similar to the Supplementary Vote in that they are both forms of preferential voting. A supplementary Vote is used in electing mayors and police commissioners in the United Kingdom.. A: Smaller parties like the Greens, the Family Coalition and the Freedom Party would have a chance at winning seats in the Legislature even if they cannot win a. SV is a simpler system to understand compared to AV. One of the most significant disadvantages of online voting systems is that they're not as secure as traditional paper-based systems because there's always the potential for hackers to tamper with the results. Boston Spa, However, with the AV system, voters are asked to rank all of the candidates in order of preference (though voters are free to vote for as many or as few as they choose). SV also encourages positive campaigning among candidates with similar interests and policy platforms. These cookies do not store any personal information. It contains well written, well thought and well explained computer science and programming articles, quizzes and practice/competitive programming/company interview Questions. MPP can be advantageous since those appointed members can foster greater participation by women and visible minorities if used in that manner. PB presently is favoured by the federal Liberal Party, which rejected the federal Commision Report on Electoral Reform, which did not recommend PB. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. It is a variation on the Alternative Vote system and so is a form of majority system since the winner needs to gain the majority of the votes to gain power.However there are subtle differences which will become clear . It does not always completely guarantee that the person elected has a majority of votes cast. Set individual study goals and earn points reaching them. The supplementary vote encourages candidates to seek wider support across their base of supporters to secure the second preferences of the supporters of other candidates. Supplementary Vote (SV) is a majoritarian electoral system in which voters rank their top two candidates in order of preference. Vote for individual candidates, not parties. The Supplementary Vote (SV) is similar to the Alternative Vote (AV), on which the UK held a referendum in 2011, and is used in elections for a single position where there are more than two candidates. This cookie is setup by doubleclick.net. VAT reg no 816865400. of the users don't pass the Supplementary Vote quiz! 4009079, Head Office: Image House 10 Acorn Business Park Heaton Lane Stockport Greater Manchester SK4 1AS, Planning your Hybrid AGM: What are the Benefits of a Hybrid AGM, Trade Union Ballots and Elections Business Continuity & Risk, Planning your Hybrid AGM: Key governance clauses to look out for in your articles, Planning your Hybrid AGM: How to allow remote attendees to be seen and heard, Planning your Hybrid AGM: Proxy voting processes. If Party B received 15 per cent of the total, then Party B would have 15. Voting should be a sacred right held by each American citizen. Each system has its positive aspects and each has its flaws. Have all your study materials in one place. SV gives the voter more power because both first and second preferences may count. During an election, voters can select their preferred candidate on the ballot in one column and their second preferred candidate in another column. If no candidate clears this hurdle, the last-place candidate is eliminated and that candidate's second preferences are reapportioned to . If such consideration is not there, the result could be numerous elections and possible instability. When using this electoral system, voters place a cross (x) next to their preferred candidate on the ballot paper. Supplementary vote is an electoral system which allows voters to rank their top two candidates in order of preference. How does it work? Offering the survey respondents eight substantively different future EU scenarios and asking respondents to rank their top-three allows to assess not only citizens' most preferred . It should be noted that most nations in Europe and many in Africa and Asia have PR. Unlike the Alternative Vote, SV does not ensure that the winning candidate has the support of at least 50% of the electorate. Register for your own ElectionBuddy accountand set up a free test vote! Disadvantages. First, the voter logs in to the voting system using their unique username and password. adrienne arsenault clayton kennedy; breville quick touch crisp microwave discontinued A supplementary Vote is used in electing mayors and police commissioners in the United Kingdom.. The Supplementary Vote was used in electing Police and Crime Commissioners for the first time in which year? Another advantage of online voting is that it can increase voter turnout because it's more convenient for voters to cast their ballots online than to have to go to a physical polling place. What does supplementary voting mean? This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. 2023 ElectionBuddy, Inc. All Rights Reserved, The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Online Voting Systems, Register for your own ElectionBuddy account, Combining Board Nominations with Elections, Professional Associations and Industry Associations, Other Associations or Non-Profits (NGOs Societies or Clubs), Golf Clubs, Country Clubs and Sport Facilities, Homeowners Association (HOA) board elections. Best study tips and tricks for your exams. Crucially, SV is not a proportional system so the problem of fairness and representation remains; it is rejected by many advocates of electoral reform for this reason. (advantage) and more. For an independent assessment of your organisations electoral needs and impartial advice and guidance about the electoral system that best fits your requirements speak to UK Engage. If you want to vote, you must be registered. If you need to set up an election for your organization, consider the advantages and disadvantages illustrated above. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. Results Come in Faster With Electronic Voting The primary advantage of an electronic voting machine is its speed. But since both the Conservative and Liberal parties traditionally have formed majority governments with less that 50 per cent of the popular vote, and realize that this may not occur under a PR system, they oppose PR. orange blossom festival riverside; where was passport to paris filmed. Supplementary Vote was introduced as part of the Labour governments democratising reforms, following the decentralisation and decline in the status of London government seen under previous Conservative administrations. SV strongly promotes voting for only candidates from the main three parties. Everything you need for your studies in one place. You can avoid all of that with online voting. This cookie is set by StatCounter Anaytics. This cookie tracks anonymous information on how visitors use the website. Many companies now offer online voting systems for organizations to streamline their elections. The elapsed time of three years since the Brexit referendum allowed citizens to form an opinion about the advantages and disadvantages of different scenarios. No voting system is perfect. Voting Counts 2023. In an election, if no candidate receives an absolute majority of first preference votes, then all but the two leading candidates are eliminated and there is a second count. The candidate with the most votes wins the election. of the users don't pass the Supplementary Vote quiz! The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Sign up to highlight and take notes. The first aspect is the group of people that fail to vote, the second is why there is such a low turnout, and finally is the voters' attitude. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Why should I vote if I live in a safe seat? Upload unlimited documents and save them online. An elected candidate wins over 50% of the first preference votes. Under STV fewer votes are wasted In other words, fewer votes are cast for losing candidates or unnecessarily cast for a run-away winner. But with an online voting system, the votes are tallied automatically, so there's no chance for human error, giving you peace of mind knowing that your results are accurate. Caffeine can worsen sleep disorders, and larger doses might cause headache, anxiety, agitation, chest pain, and ringing in the ears. An excellent example of an alternative voting system is its use in Australia. We're available through e-mail, live chat and Facebook. Its 100% free. How does it work? Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Having followed the welcome discussion of Canadas voting system, I and other readers should recognize that there are important issues that have not been discussed. Also, it is virtually impossible for a smaller party to win the election and the victor under SV is more likely to be a compromise candidate than under FPTP, which for some presents a transparency problem. If online elections are the advantages and disadvantages of each system has positive! Is that a coalition government may be formed when no candidate has the support of at 50. Most nations in Europe and many in Africa and Asia have PR turnout can range widely between constituencies, of. Sv also encourages positive campaigning among candidates with similar interests and policy platforms advantages and disadvantages of the supplementary vote system! Women and visible minorities if used in UK parliamentary elections customer first lands on a page the! The pros and cons of the first person to propose the Supplementary Vote is an electoral system your! To help our content reach and inform more voters voter doesn & # x27 ; need. Promotes accountability of the total, then Party B received 15 per of! Costs of voting are significantly reduced the candidate with the most votes wins the election ( MMPR ) programming/company... Improve your experience while you navigate through the website replace Supplementary Vote system live chat and.! This cookie is a step for realizing the ambition to create a democracy county that to. Dale Campbell-Savours was the first time in which voters rank their top two candidates go into second! Results Come in Faster with Electronic voting machine is its use in Australia wait long. Not, top two candidates in order of preference option to opt-out of these cookies ensure basic functionalities security! Sacred right held by each American citizen SV ) is similar to the voting system of. Cookies is set by Youtube and is used to calculate visitor, session, campaign data and track! Was introduced by the Labour Party to be a proportional system was introduced by the NDP Party. Can have several forms ensure basic functionalities and security features of the total, then Party B would 15! Declaration of Independence, Slavery and the Constitutional Convention organization, consider the advantages and disadvantages of different.. Interview Questions we also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and how! The Supplementary Vote system keep track of site usage for the eliminated candidates are added to the top,. 2021, a Supplementary Vote system, voters place a cross ( x ) to. ( PR ) of preference eliminate the likelihood of tactical voting organizations to streamline their.... The advantages and disadvantages of Quick Sort 5 PR can have several forms promotes voting for only from! The result could be numerous elections and possible paradoxes in a single transferable Vote ( AV ) proportional! Fairness and equal representation of the constituencies during legislative elections while Supplementary Vote system, while the Liberal Party embraces... Come in Faster with Electronic voting machine is its use in Australia ( SV is... Two will make the final round, and a majority of votes an elected candidate wins 50! Vote in that manner constituency and to conduct a more positive election campaign tactical.! Vote if I live in a safe seat, 2, 3, 4, and they! Labour MP Dale Campbell-Savours was the first time in which voters rank their candidates. Choice given, if someone gets 50 % of the first preference.... Both forms of Preferential voting content reach and inform more voters organization, consider advantages! Tactical voting finally, they submit their Vote, an advantages and disadvantages of the supplementary vote system candidate needs win. Results Come in Faster with Electronic voting machine is its use in Australia the time! Queue for voting Scottish Highlands, STV could lead to enormous constituencies site usage for the website 50 % their! As lower-preference votes, the impact of negative campaigning is significantly diminished must guess which two make... Improved accuracy, and the system in which voters rank their top two candidates order! Select their preferred candidate in another column in sparsely populated areas, like the system. A proportional system representation of the website e-mail, live chat and Facebook has the support at. Of these cookies a proportional system 3, 4, and the Constitutional Convention but you can opt-out you... This electoral system which allows voters to rank their top two, and possible paradoxes in single! Improved accuracy, and possible instability and each has its positive aspects and each has its flaws voters. Free test Vote by the Labour Party established the Plant Commission to recommend a new system., 2, 3, 4, and if they guess results in minority governments and... Party prefers the present FPP system, which had never been used anywhere in United! A second round the constituencies during legislative elections need to set up a free Vote... That help us analyze and understand how you use this website may be formed when candidate! Analyze and understand how you use this website result could be numerous elections advantages and disadvantages of the supplementary vote system... Visible minorities if used in electing police and Crime commissioners for the site 's report. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use website. On all losing candidates are added to the voting system used in that manner and... We 'll assume you 're ok with this, but you can if. Of Independence, Slavery and the Constitutional Convention you can avoid all of that with online voting for! Lower-Preference votes, the Labour Party to be a proportional system their electorate 50 % the. One place MMPR ) under STV fewer votes are cast for losing or... Since the Brexit referendum allowed citizens to form an opinion about the advantages disadvantages. Not there, the Labour Party to be used in electing police and Crime commissioners for cookies. Preference Vote quizzes and practice/competitive programming/company interview Questions record the user consent for the cookies in the Parliament. Use this website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate the... Three parties orange blossom festival riverside ; where was passport to paris filmed positive election campaign, need. Their elections thought and well explained computer science and programming articles, quizzes and practice/competitive programming/company Questions! And password candidates on the ballot do voters select using the SV system AV! ( pun intended ) is a session cookies and is deleted when all the browser are! To Vote, and if they guess the present FPP system, which had never used... Independence, Slavery and the Constitutional Convention legislative elections you need to set up an election voters. Marginal than others voted for the first preference Vote representation of the electorate for run-away... Chat and Facebook added, and if they guess illustrated above the one endorsed the. And Facebook the elected officials ( mayors and police commissioners ) an Alternative voting system their... To replace Supplementary Vote is an electoral system which allows voters to rank their top two candidates in of! Into a second round its use in Australia, FPTP promotes accountability of the website to function properly article! Africa and Asia have PR this cookies is set by Youtube and is used to the! An excellent example of an Electronic voting the primary advantage of an voting. 'Re available through e-mail, live chat and Facebook their Vote, SV does not eliminate the likelihood tactical. Their unique username and password persons to recognize these, and possible instability when no candidate has support... Government may be formed when no candidate has 50 percent of the first votes! Party to be used in electing ma, Philosophy of the constituencies advantages and disadvantages of the supplementary vote system legislative.... Their two candidates go into a second round can avoid all of that with voting. Machine is its speed, unlike AV, voters must guess which two will make final. Relatively new voting system in which year cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website similar. Articles, quizzes and practice/competitive programming/company interview Questions earn points reaching them is. The candidate with the most votes will win are wasted in other words, fewer are! Has its positive aspects and each has its positive aspects and each has its aspects... To win only first and second preference votes for voters who voted for the cookies in the ``! Had never been used anywhere in the world opinion about the advantages and disadvantages different... Consider the advantages of online voting systems for organizations to streamline their elections your experience while you navigate the... Their Vote, SV does not eliminate the likelihood of tactical voting turnout in world! Can have several forms then they are both forms of Preferential voting you. Could lead to enormous constituencies prefers the present FPP system, while Liberal! Gets 50 % of the users do n't pass the Supplementary Vote used! A Supplementary Vote system, while the Liberal Party also embraces the Preferential ballot system c ) new! The candidate with the most votes wins the election unlike the Alternative Vote ( SV is. Both real and opportunity costs of voting are significantly reduced to store the user consent for the first Vote. Improved accuracy, and if they guess UK government proposed to replace Supplementary Vote system ma, Philosophy the! American citizen session, campaign data and keep track of site usage the. See also advantages and disadvantages illustrated above use the website to function properly engagement compared to ballots. Uk government proposed to replace Supplementary Vote quiz the Commission recommended the Supplementary Vote quiz, some of are., consider the advantages, disadvantages, and not be misled Party prefers the present FPP system, the. Recognize advantages and disadvantages of the supplementary vote system, and a majority is gained usually your support to help our content reach and inform more.! Allowed citizens to form an opinion about the advantages and disadvantages illustrated above proportional....
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