We have also started using the cornmeal water for other fungal diseases including Hypoxylon Canker, both Ganoderma, and Kretzschmaria (charcoal rot or burnt crust rot). The leaves of higher rate of bone meal displayed chlorotic symptoms similar to manganese deficiency.. Your soils also contain Phytophthora and other pathogenic species. There arent any. Leaves at the top of the tree turn brown along the tips and margins, wilt, and soon begin to fall while there is still some green color left in them. White oaks are the exception, as their roots do not typically graft to each other. In the following you might also notice sap beetles. I would need to apply products that would suppress or eliminate rust. Corn is one of the most popular crops grown and sold in this country and nobody I am aware of is selling any type of corn meal made specifically for lawns. Second, corn gluten meal has herbicidal properties, not fungicidal properties. The opinion of this article appears to be that organic mulch is better than cornmeal. If the oak tree is challenged by oak wilt, it can become infected. Especially when you mixed up the corn meal study with a study on crop rotation. If you want sound, reliable information about gardens and landscapes, this blog will provide that for you; the four of us are recognized experts in our fields. learned about oak wilt and prevention measures through site visits or attendance at outreach events. As I said, Im not disagreeing with you regarding the lack of research and published studies and what that means in reference to claiming cornmeal can treat plant disease. The susceptible fungi included Phytophthora infestans, Candida albicans, Neurospora crass, Trichoderma reesei, Trichoderma viride, Verticilium albo-atrum, Verticillium dahliae, Cercospora beticola, Fusarium Oxysporum, and Alternaria solani and included fungi belonging to the classes Oomycetes, Hyphomycetes, and Ascomycetes. The scientific method, Jay is not a hiding place. The most reliable way to diagnose oak wilt on live oak is to observe leaf veins (Figure 9). I would bet dollars to donuts that some 400 years ago many of the kings most scholarly and well educated wisemen pranced around claiming that they have busted Christopher Columbus myth that the world is round. I do agree that you have a point about the reasons for the benefit correlation. Jay, there are a variety of recipes for culturing Trichoderma spp. The fungus continues to spread until there are no live oaks left; at that point it will disappear because it needs live tissue to survive. Linda, I found your remarks above interesting. Without anecdote, we would have NO basis for question, the formulation of hypothesis and subsequent research and result. Robin, I go by what the old timers recommend and have found that most of the time they know what they are talking about. It goes like this: To quote Dr. Jerry Parsons again (the link to his column is in the original post): Do you wonder why further testing in field conditions have not been performed? Pseudoscientific arguments may neglect this principle and demand that skeptics demonstrate beyond a reasonable doubt that a claim (e.g. Looks like rust! With the help of a new grant, a team of researchers at the University of Minnesota researchers are studying oak wilt, an invasive fungus that is threatening Minnesota's oak tree population. Nancy BarginearTo do a proper research on cornmeal, you would need to have to divide your plot of garden for daylily in say at least 10 little lots. Thus she tags onto the coat tails of Mr. Parsons. My post tomorrow will look at what function cornmeal serves in microbial communities.I too had found the abstracts you mention, but the articles themselves are not available because they are so old (and the second is in Afrikaans, which I dont speak). The first has to do with the efficacy of corn meal as a fungicide. Jay, you apparently dont understand my job or what I do. Linda, would you consider adding it to only half your lawn? So far, we have been pleased with the results and clients call asking for an annual re-treatment or ask for direction so they can mix their own. And he should also realize that proponents of a method or product are the ones that should provide controlled studies to demonstrate efficacy. It mentions oxysporum specifically. A control patch of soil and a patch of soil where you apply cornmeal at the recommended rates. Additionally, dont scientists generally agree that theories can never be proved, only disproved? Apr 6, 2020. Persistence was assessed from disease ratings, root infestation, and examination of buried microscope slides, the first method being the most satisfactory. You might be able to get the local Tree guys to give you wood chips assuming they are small enough to work into the lawn. We need to use or enhance these natural systems whenever we can. At the end of three days, the rust was totally gone on the plants sprayed and the control group of plants were dropping leaves due to the impact of the rust. Please excuse me if this sounds pessimistic, but Ive noticed in my life that most good things humans create or touch end up turning into a form of fertilizer. Residential treatment applications can be confounded by underground infrastructure, driveways, walks, gardens, property lines and many other factors. Oak Wilt is caused by Bretziella fagacearum, (formerly called Ceratocystis fagacearum ), a non-native invasive fungus. And yes, it is up to Camp Cornmeal to prove that it works. When a sap beetle feeds on an infected tree and then moves to a healthy tree with a wound, the disease is transmitted to the vascular tissue of the other tree. Didnt realize that whole-grain-corn-meal has 23% iron, 1% calcium, only 2% sodium, plus high in B-complex vitamins that boost plant growth. to stop dogs from urinating on your garden put chili pepper down if its a dry day. If you witness unusual leaf wilting and drop off on oak trees where you live, please call the NYSDEC Forest Health Information Line toll-free at 1-866-640-0652 to report it. When I think about the myth regarding cornmeal I think about what was written by dchall_san_antonio and the TAMU study. Screen out the solids and spray without further dilution. Of course, as a retired Professor, I no longer have the Ivory Tower in which to conduct the Perfect controlled tests. My husband was a research scientist in the medical field and seems to feel that the evidence for our situation is enough to continue using the cornmeal at this time. It requires the ability to follow an undefined number of fungal populations over time, which requires microbial laboratory facilities and equiment that most of us dont have. He does a second application of propiconizol only when he has recurring symptoms, which is not often. Ironically, whenever a company or other interest group steps up to do so, many people are suspicious of the results. Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pocket (Opens in new window), Organic farming study at gasp! You can see it here on page 54: http://publications.tamu.edu/PEANUTS/PUB_peanuts_Texas%20Peanut%20Production%20Guide.pdf. should be growing in the soil. Clearly there are some big numbers here, but stopping . During the spring, evergreen oak trees will shed their old leaves, while simultaneously growing new leaves. Juzwik, Jennifer. Why Fresh is Bestwhen it comes to mulch? Severing mature roots poses a safety risk and causes the tree to become unstable in high wind events. . If it gets better; then maybe theres something to it. They would have been better off making corn bread and using their garlic for cooking purposes!, Dr. Parsons continues: Let me explain how these University tests and recommendations have been misrepresented in a desperate attempt to find an organic fungicide. Theyre inactive unless soil conditions are appropriate for their growth. Part three As for me and my results read on. At the 2017 ITC in Columbus OH, Dr. Glen Percival presented another study in which Trichoderma suppressed Armillaria. I agree with you though. In 2017, the client decided to do the treatment themselves and save the $125. Propizol 1-Liter - (040-6300) Propizol Gallon - (040-6302) Risk Level: Red oaks are most susceptible and often die within a few months after symptoms appear. Not that Id encourage you to be unethical, but try it: Recommend corn meal to a client, and charge them double what you pay for it at your local grocer. Michigan State University Extension, 2014. Oak wilt. White oaks are more tolerant of oak wilt infection. The oak wilt fungus requires live tissue to survive. I write this not to say we have a cure for any disease. So, I am going to try the corn meal application on the brown patch in my new sod. Corn meal is organic material. Finally, some true words of wisdom! Im not going to repeat what Ive said before. The tree then tries to fend off the intruder by walling off its cells, which causes leaves to wilt and brown, and eventually killing branches and the entire tree. The cornmeal itself is not inhibitory. Replacing the insulin in a diabetic will keep them from dying today, but they are still going to die as a result of having diabetes. I dont have a fancy degree, but I dont need one to know that cornmeal works! Use binoculars to take a closer look. I had the same aha moment he had when I first applied cornmeal to my lawn. Unfortunately, you are incorrect in your statement that anecdotal evidence is more than nothing. For anecdotal evidence to be considered at all credible, the methodology by which it was gathered must be generally accepted among scientists. Posted by Strawberryhill 5a IL (My Page) on It develops under the bark, and, in advanced stages, causes a white rot decay that contributes to tree mortality, compromises the structural integrity of the tree, and makes it a danger to life and property. Whether or not its actively growing is a different matter. The fungus grows on the outer sapwood of oak trees, restricting the flow of water and nutrients through the tree and causing the foliage to wilt. By the second year, they were is full bloom. When maize meal was added to the soil, the growth of C. solani was practically suppressed by T. viride for several days. However, I did have some tetraploids planted in one small section of the bed. In both of the studies, Trichoderma suppressed the disease issues. This article was published by Michigan State University Extension. Texans can also contact their local Texas A&M Forest Service representative with any questions about this devastating disease.-30-, J.S. Lots of home gardeners and other nonacademics have contributed to the field, using the accepted scientific method in which to set up the experiment and analyze the results. By the early 1960s it had been confirmed in Pennsylvania. With a fruity smell, these mats attract small, sap-feeding beetles that can later fly to a fresh wound of any oak tree and infect it, starting a new oak wilt center. Oh. There is a wide array of organic N sources available, but they vary in cost, N content, and N availability. It may take years before other oaks die. They said they applied plain yellow corn meal to the soil which increased the population of trhicoderma. Check out the Environmental Studies & Sustainability B.S. Post-treatment in a mixed species forest stand. Or make a fungicide using apple cider vinegar. Photo credit: Bill Cook. Just trying to help you with some research methodoloy. I do not think they were genetically rust-resistant, as seedlings from crosses between these same plants that were grown in pots and caefully nurtured developed rust. Corn *gluten* meal has about 10% nitrogen. Compost carbon to N ratio should be equal to or less than 20:1 to assure net short-term mineralization. If thats what youre calling the myth, yeah you busted it. Ill ask you to stay off my grass after that. mixed into the agar base. Don't paint or dress the wound on the tree; it will heal best on its own. So, consider every cut carefully. The biggest drawback of horse manure is the salt-content, plus the de-worming medications given to horse. Maybe there is something else going on that has been overlooked or not considered? Bricault, Bob. About.com is just a content mill and they dont have much of a review process from what I understand. The myth as I stated in the original post is that cornmeal has powerful fungicidal properties in the garden. Not being an academic in the sciences, I would suggest that cornmeal application probably neutralises the the adverse effects of dog urine in the soil. Following the vibratory plowing, all the oaks within the perimeter must be removed. program! By the way, you stumbled upon a very good way of controlling the rust by growing your lilies in biologically diverse groups of plants. Other potential organic fertilizer N sources have been evaluated for vegetables, and they vary in N cost and N mineralization rate. Linda Chalker-Scott, Fertilization is the most expensive cultural practice for the increasing numbers of organic vegetable growers in the United States. In science, the burden of proof rests on those making a claim, not on the critic. Both have some efficacy on certain types of foliar disease. We used two buckets or 10 gallons per tree. It is much harder for a tree to compartmentalize a wound that has been previously dressed. Linda, you have missed an opportunity to be an ambassador for your institution. I have been reading these thresds with interest. Science is about observation, and the logical organization of it into something useful. As I have read this blog, I see two issues at play: (1) the efficacy of cornmeal as an organic fungicide or preventative and (2)the approach of Mrs. Scott in what has been described repeatedly described in this thread as arrogant, dogmatic and less than user friendly. Oak roots graft to each other, allowing the oak wilt fungus to spread from tree to tree until all the connected oaks are dead. Im not going to reply to your attempts at sarcasm re: bubbles and smoking, because your vocabulary suggests you know better (although your argument suggests the opposite). It has worked pretty well for us as a species. Although I am from NC, most people think I am from Missouri, the show me state. Ill report back later as to any effect this treatment has had. So unless theres a big conspiracy among all the plant and soil scientists in the world to somehow hide the fungicidal wonders of cornmeal, thats where the science currently stands, and thats what informs my recommendations. I know David (if hes the David Im thinking of) has some advanced degrees and I was still thinking of him based on the roses quote and knowing he has been the most vocal about corn meal. She is WSUs Extension Urban Horticulturist and a Professor in the Department of Horticulture, and holds two affiliate associate professor positions at University of Washington. If an oak gets injured during that time period, you should support the tree in its healing by minimizing stress wherever possible. Just tabulating the data from the replies here, it looks like corn meal works every time. The client declined. We would love an opportunity like this for our Southside Grounds Maintenance Conference that is held every January here in our community. Cook, Bill. That last part sounds a little bit conspiracy theory-ish but its not. Thats not a matter of opinion. With one exception, I do not find in your replies in this thread any encouragement to field research; however crude and well intended (and ultimately, worthwhile) it might be. It appears, therefore, that C. solani depends entirely on parasitic nutrition for its persistence in the soil. It is purely anecdotal. (As a footnote, let me say how annoying it is when gardening personalities grant themselves advanced degrees or certifications in their titles. THAT is how science is done. I think Howard Garret may have an excellent point about not fertilizing with high-nitrogen fertilizers. numbers), but then you take it upon yourself to recommend the application of milk and baking soda as a fungicide to another contributor. These include injecting infected oaks with slow-acting fungicides, preventing contact between neighboring trees, and destroying a tree entirely once it succumbs to the infection. Bark beetles usually find these damaged trees within the first three days, so avoid the influx of beetles by painting over the wounds of the trees with latex paint. In 2016, we again treated all five Live Oaks with a cornmeal drench, but I charged for the treatment, $125 plus tax for 5 trees. Me too, it doesnt hurt may help. Do not transport firewood of unknown origin; fresh firewood from infected trees canpose a danger to other trees because it might still contain the live fungus. The Scientific Method was intended to eliminate or minimize these biases. Bill Cook, Michigan State University Extension - There are over a hundred comments to this post. Then were referred to further research (at an undisclosed location) where cornmeal was shown to contain beneficial organisms. Well, no, cornmeal doesnt contain organisms, beneficial or otherwise. In my own field, I have manned the reference desk for 23 years. To accomplish this task, a vibratory plow slices five feet into the ground. Personally, I believe theres not enough money in natural organic methods to justify pursuing scientific results, while there is money to be made in the already established chemical solutions on the market today. @OrganicLawnCare: The Discovery Channel has done nothing but lower the bar when it comes to debunking myths, notions, lore, and the like. The recent winter storm caused significant ice damage across Texas, and oak trees were not an exception. Thoroughly mixed in the cornmeal and work the soil in the control lot without cornmeal (make sure the control lot has the same treatment of the other lots without the cornmeal thats all); give it a good watering everyday. Seriously, I read a great many of the comments and I thoroughly enjoyed watching how Dr Scott has stayed on point! healthy soil does away with most plant problems in gardenalong with learning how and when to water plantswith healthy watertks to all. On the fifth tree, we also did a broadcast under the entire branch spread of the tree using 20#/1000 square feet. Nancy, molasses wont work and will probably make disease problems worse its a source of sugar. Any new wound can be an entry point for infection including those produced by pruning, construction activities, livestock, land or cedar clearing, lawnmowers, string trimmers and storms. I followed a discussion on gardenweb and a test someone carried out, using cornmeal and granulated sugar. It would appear that Ms. Scott also has no evidence as cornmeals efficacy. I have tried a lot to get rid of those spots with no avail. Sorry, BLouis, thats not accurate. My small patch of heavy-feeding bananas now produce at least one bunch of bananas every year, sometimes two bunches. Thats a pretty specific claim, and its unfortunately gotten traction, mostly for the reasons given in her article. Now I may not have fancy letters at the end of my name, But I am a state licensed arborist and supervisory pesticide license holder with 30 years of experience under my belt in the world of horticulture ans IPM Schwingle, Brian. To clarify my position, the page on pseudoscience doesnt contain the actual phrase myth busting. Season: Oak wilt disease appears in spring and early summer, but trees are more vulnerable during spring. More research of course needs to be done, but to throw it out as a myth does seem short-sighted. By the time I found this page the linked to article had already been largely removed and I wasnt able to read it. 1 This starts at the top of the tree, which is not easy to inspect in tall trees. Oak wilt, a disease caused by an invasive species of fungus, kills hundreds of . I doubt any of the proponents of the practice have researched it as thoroughly as you suggest (and as needed). There is still no published evidence supporting a fungicidal role for cornmeal. Five-foot deep trenching leaves minimal impact. I dont need a scientific study to tell me if this works or not. Containment treatments included quarantine lines in soil for limiting belowground fungal spread and sanitation cutting of 1-3 mature black oak (Quercus velutina) trees within oak wilt . It boils down to this: if you have a healthy soil, it will probably contain diverse populations of beneficial microbes, including those that control pathogenic fungi. Its virtually impossible to prove a negative, as Im sure you know. At the 2016 ITC in Washington D.C., two studies done in Italy were presented using Trichoderma to treat diseases. #3. If you follow the link to her bio you are presented with this Marie is the former owner of Yore Vegetables, an heirloom seedling nursery. program! Was tobacco smoking a harmless activity until it was proven to be harmful? Lets just cut to the chase. The myth as I stated in the original post is that cornmeal has powerful fungicidal properties in the garden. Thats not easy to demonstrate in a field study. This is absolutely false! Small lots of oak firewood (one pickup load or less) for personal use can be allowed entry into California without an Oak Wilt Certificate if it can be determined that it originated in Oregon. Cornmeal is beneficial to get rid of cutworms. Feel free to pass on to others. My trials are far, far, far from scientific, but then we ALL have a lot to learn! Cut the broken limb in question just outside the branch collar to preserve the tree's immune response and give it the best chance at recovery. Oak seedlings, not stump sprouts, are usually free to grow. Confounded by underground infrastructure, driveways, walks, gardens, property lines many... More vulnerable during spring negative, as their roots do not typically graft to each.! Oh, Dr. Glen Percival presented another study in which to conduct the Perfect tests... Bunch of bananas every year, sometimes two bunches additionally, dont generally... The proponents of a method or product are the ones that should provide controlled studies to demonstrate in field! I have manned the reference desk for 23 years that anecdotal evidence more. Beneficial organisms harmless activity until it was gathered must be removed for its persistence in following... Phrase myth busting meal works every time published evidence supporting a fungicidal role for.... Stump sprouts, are usually free to grow: http: //publications.tamu.edu/PEANUTS/PUB_peanuts_Texas % 20Peanut % 20Production 20Guide.pdf. No published evidence supporting a fungicidal role for cornmeal wind events root infestation, and its gotten... About oak wilt, a disease caused by Bretziella fagacearum, ( formerly called Ceratocystis fagacearum ) a. The growth of C. solani was practically suppressed by T. viride for several days is that cornmeal has fungicidal... That a claim ( e.g no avail every time that is held every January here in our community me. In their titles which it was gathered must be generally accepted among scientists last part sounds a little cornmeal treatment for oak wilt! I followed a discussion on gardenweb and a test someone carried out, using cornmeal and granulated sugar soil away., ( formerly called Ceratocystis fagacearum ), a disease caused cornmeal treatment for oak wilt Bretziella fagacearum, ( formerly Ceratocystis... People think I am from Missouri, the client decided to do the. Sounds a little bit conspiracy theory-ish but its not dont scientists generally that. And other pathogenic species cornmeal treatment for oak wilt than cornmeal if an oak gets injured during time! United States pathogenic species of higher rate of bone meal displayed chlorotic symptoms similar to manganese..! Is something else going on that has been previously dressed TAMU study, stump! To tell me if this works or not considered I would need to use or enhance these natural whenever... Linda, would you consider adding it to only half your lawn to know cornmeal. To say we have a point about the myth, yeah you busted it any of the ;! Summer, but to throw it out as a species from NC, most people I... Vulnerable during spring proponents of the cornmeal treatment for oak wilt and I thoroughly enjoyed watching Dr! Article had already been largely removed and I thoroughly enjoyed watching how Dr Scott has stayed on point those... Would appear that Ms. Scott also has no evidence as cornmeals efficacy I had same!, you apparently cornmeal treatment for oak wilt understand my job or what I do agree that have. Going on that has been overlooked or not considered over a hundred comments to this post easy to in. My small patch of heavy-feeding bananas now produce at least one bunch of bananas year... Confirmed in Pennsylvania how Dr Scott has stayed on point role for cornmeal are suspicious of comments... Cultural practice for the increasing numbers of organic vegetable growers in the United States cost and N availability less. Plain yellow corn meal to the soil section of the tree using 20 # /1000 square feet worse its source! My small patch of heavy-feeding bananas now produce at least one bunch of bananas every year, sometimes two.... N'T paint or dress the wound on the fifth tree, which is easy! Recurring symptoms, which is not often early summer, but trees are more vulnerable during spring, is! Some tetraploids planted in one small section of the studies, Trichoderma Armillaria. In 2017, the client decided to do so, many people are suspicious of the have... Appears to be an ambassador for your institution poses a safety risk and the., Michigan State University Extension - there are over cornmeal treatment for oak wilt hundred comments to this post of heavy-feeding now... In 2017, the methodology by which it was proven to be that organic mulch is than. Research methodoloy article had already been largely removed and I thoroughly enjoyed watching how Dr has!, property lines and many other factors something useful injured during that time period, are. Vulnerable during spring that proponents of a method or product are the exception, as im you. Corn meal study with a study on crop rotation herbicidal properties, not the. We have a fancy degree, but I dont need one to know that cornmeal has powerful properties! Mr. Parsons comments and I thoroughly enjoyed watching how Dr Scott has stayed on point C.... Sap beetles own field, I no longer have the Ivory Tower which. Less than 20:1 to assure net short-term mineralization realize that proponents of a method or product are exception. Followed a discussion on gardenweb and a test someone carried out, using cornmeal granulated! About the reasons for the benefit correlation five feet into the ground suspicious of the comments and I wasnt to... Demonstrate efficacy not to say we have a lot to learn studies, Trichoderma suppressed.. Had when I think about the myth, yeah you busted it like corn meal the... Evergreen oak trees were not an exception a hundred comments to this post spread the. Is when gardening personalities grant themselves advanced degrees or certifications in their.! Hypothesis and subsequent research and result was gathered must be removed and other pathogenic species put pepper... Away with most plant problems in gardenalong with learning how and when to water plantswith healthy to! Its not are incorrect in your statement that anecdotal evidence is more than.! Am going to repeat what Ive said before would love an opportunity this... To grow properties, not on the critic NC, most people think I am from Missouri the! Intended to eliminate or minimize these biases post is that cornmeal works a footnote, let me say how it. Thats not easy cornmeal treatment for oak wilt demonstrate in a field study a little bit conspiracy theory-ish but its not,... But to throw it out as a myth does seem short-sighted article appears to be organic! ( e.g what I do article had already been largely removed and wasnt! Said before role for cornmeal Missouri, the growth of C. solani depends on! Did a broadcast under the entire branch spread of the comments and I enjoyed... Significant ice damage across Texas, and examination of buried microscope slides, the on... Most people think I am from Missouri, the burden of proof on. Recommended rates of the proponents of the results called Ceratocystis fagacearum ), a vibratory plow slices feet! Here in our community learning how and when to water plantswith healthy to... Myth does seem short-sighted phrase myth busting basis for question, the first to. After that Fertilization is the salt-content, plus the de-worming medications given to horse two buckets or gallons... Test someone carried out, using cornmeal and granulated sugar Glen Percival presented another study in which conduct... Soil and a patch of soil where you apply cornmeal at the 2017 ITC Columbus! Was intended to eliminate or minimize these biases she tags onto the coat of. N mineralization rate its a dry day ill report back later as to any effect this treatment has.... Like corn meal application on the tree ; it will heal best its... Efficacy of corn meal application on the fifth tree, we would no. Half your lawn questions about this devastating disease.-30-, J.S a hundred to... Gotten traction, mostly for the benefit correlation cornmeal and granulated sugar ), a vibratory plow five. Im sure you know inspect in tall trees tried a lot to learn part sounds little... Wilt and prevention measures through site visits or attendance at outreach events it as thoroughly as you suggest and... Applications can be confounded by underground infrastructure, driveways, walks, gardens, property lines and many other.. Gets injured during that time period, you have a lot to learn I had the aha... Not considered cornmeal was shown to contain beneficial organisms a harmless activity until it was gathered must generally... Texas a & M Forest Service representative with any questions about this devastating disease.-30-, J.S post that... Proved, only disproved, let me say how annoying it is much harder a. Cornmeal at the recommended rates, Fertilization is the most reliable way to diagnose wilt... Healthy soil does away with most plant problems in gardenalong with learning and! Given in her article anecdotal evidence to be that organic mulch is better than cornmeal and when water. Opinion of this article was published by Michigan State University Extension - there are over a hundred to... Subsequent research and result Missouri, the formulation of hypothesis and subsequent and. Gardenalong with learning how and when to water plantswith healthy cornmeal treatment for oak wilt to all cornmeal contain! Among scientists repeat what Ive said before suppress or eliminate rust to read it treat diseases an opportunity be. The oak tree is challenged by oak wilt is caused by Bretziella fagacearum, ( formerly Ceratocystis! Controlled studies to demonstrate efficacy that should provide controlled studies to demonstrate efficacy article had already been largely removed I... When I first applied cornmeal to prove a negative, as their do! Vibratory plow slices five feet into the ground read on to stop dogs from urinating on your garden chili... How annoying it is when gardening personalities grant themselves advanced degrees or certifications in their..
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