The Merck Veterinary Manual was first published in 1955 as a service to the community. It is necessary to select an antidote, and to treat poisoning in a cow, depending on the cause of intoxication: If a cow is poisoned with chemicals, you need to pierce the scar through the abdomen. However, it is now thought that blind staggers may actually be the result of consuming excess sulfur through water or food. Recent work has found that some bracken populations contain very low or no ptaquiloside. The symptoms of acute poisoning are trembling, staggering, rapid breathing, and death. It may not come as a surprise that pesticides, some herbicides, and rodenticides can cause toxicosis in cows if ingested. Potassium permanganate protects the skin from irritant action of protoanemonin. Establishing Safe And Effective Quarantine And Isolation Protocols For Your Animal Sanctuary. Protoanemonin is released by damaged plants and can cause skin irritation. Marsh marigold leaves are poisonous to livestock and humans due to the presence of protoanemonin, an oily toxin found in all plants of the Ranunculaceae family. Many herbicides have been developed to be safer for animals but ingestion of large amounts can cause poisoning. Join our mailing list to receive the latest resources from The Open Sanctuary Project! I have an 18 month bullock which took not well yesterday symptoms were disorientation loss of balance and head tilted to one side later had dhiorea with trace of blood. And so is the first description as Caltha palustris by Carl Linnaeus in his Genera Plantarum of 1737. Blue-green algae are usually often found in stagnant. It is a member of the buttercup family, Ranunculaceae, and is one of the most widely distributed plants in the Northern Hemisphere. It is imperative that they do not come into contact with these poisons. It can be a challenge to ensure cow residents have healthy, happy lives after coming to a sanctuary, and there are many different aspects of care to consider each day. [14] Please note that, while comprehensive, this list may not contain every single plant toxic to cows! Processed Human Food: Processed foods, especially those that are super greasy, salty, or sweet, while not necessarily toxic, are not healthy for cows and should be avoided or strictly limited as an occasional treat. We lost a bullock last summer in much the same way and it was identified to have died from eating a marshland plant which looked very similar to cow parsley but had pink flowers. When growth is stressed or stunted from lack of moisture or frost, plants quickly become toxic. [10], The common marsh marigold is planted as an ornamental throughout temperate regions in the world, and sometimes recommended for low maintenance wildlife gardens. Although clumps of leaves are only 6 to 18 inches tall, slender flower stalks may reach a height of 5 feet. Often resembling heart failure in the terminal phase, death can occur suddenly after recumbency and dyspnea. While cows are more resistant to copper poisoning than some other ruminants, it is still possible for them to ingest too much, causing toxicosis. [16] When the follicles open, they form a "splash cup". [15], Caltha palustris is infertile when self-pollinated. Because the species includes numerous subspecies and varieties, plant size varies, with frond lengths ranging from 0.5 to 4.5 m. Bracken fern is a perennial, with erect deciduous fronds that remain green until they are killed by frost or drought. It is impossible to completely exclude the likelihood of poisoning calves and adult cows even if all the rules of care, grazing and maintenance are followed. Tuesday Saturday: 11am 4pm, 124 Comstock Knoll Drive There are many, new and innovative ways to address rodent populations. Acute inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, Mild - Cases in which only small amounts have been consumed - typically result in good prognosis within 24 to 48 hours, Acute - Cases in which large amounts have been consumed - fatal within 6 to 12 hours after convulsions begin. Recumbency is the state of leaning, resting, or reclining. There is enough hydrogen cyanide, also known as hydrocyanic acid or prussic acid, found in 1/4 to 3 lb of stunted arrowgrass to kill a 600-lb animal. In cattle, there is evidence that vitamin A storage is affected. The action of hydrocyanic acid is so rapid that it is usually too late to treat an affected animals after the signs of poisoning are recognized. Blister beetles contain cantharidin, a chemical that works as a defense mechanism against predators. Store any grains, hay, or other foods in cool, dry, and clean areas. Arrowgrass can be controlled by metsulfuron (0.5 oz product/acre) when applied during seed stalk elongation. Conner H.E. JavaScript is disabled. Cashew Apples: The fruit of the cashew tree has been known to cause intoxication in cows when fed fresh. Protoanemonin is released by damaged plants and can cause skin irritation. It has been suggested that alternating bracken fern-contaminated and noncontaminated pastures at 3-week intervals can minimize poisoning. Hemlock is a possibility in the spring when the growth is low and young and Yellow Iris if they can get at the roots. One to two inches in diameter with five to nine shiny waxy deep yellow petal-like sepals. Later, the flowers develop into golden-brown fruits. The resulting insoluble mineral appears as "rusty" flocs on the water soil and the surface of the stems of marsh plants. Are marigolds poisonous to livestock? The pupils respond poorly to light, and funduscopic examination in advanced disease is characterized by narrowing of arteries and veins and a pale tapetum nigrum with fine cracks and spots of gray. Closely related to the buttercups (not marigolds). If you suspect a cow may have ingested any of the poisons above, contact your veterinarian immediately. Forage turnips and intake of large amounts of other brassicas can cause polioencephalomalacia (PEM), a neurological disease with clinical symptoms of head pressing, convulsions, blindness, circling, loss of coordination, recumbency, involuntary eye movement. In the meantime, be sure to prevent residents from accessing areas where you suspect they may come into contact with lead. Calves often have difficulty breathing, with pale mucosal membranes. Avoid roots or seeds. Some have reported mild reactions when touching the leaves, so be aware that's possible. Marsh marigold (caltha palustris), also known as Kingcup or Mayflower, is a part of the Ranunculaceae family. In most cases, mixtures of hemorrhagic and neoplastic lesions are found. . While the buttercup is acrid-tasting as well as poisonous, the mature stage of the marsh marigold contains a poison that is much more potent and is more dangerous even in smaller quantities. Thiamine deficiency is generally not a problem in ruminants because the vitamin is synthesized in the rumen; however, altered thiamine metabolism and polioencephalomalacia Polioencephalomalacia in sheep poisoned with bracken fern and rock fern (Cheilanthes sieberi) have been reported in Australia. Snake venom varies by species, and the severity of a bite can also be influenced by the size, age, and the number of bites. ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. When possible, we have researched scientific papers to provide solid sources and tried to give more details. The amount of arrowgrass required to poison sheep or cattle depends on the amount of poison in the plants and the rate at which the plants are eaten. While lead was once used in paint (and even pesticides), it can also be found in the environments where old machinery or railroad ties, or leaded gas was once stored. Brassicas may absorb enough amounts of nitrites that can result in nitrate poisoning in large enough amounts. They include a range of activities and help keep the cow healthy. Marsh Marigold (Caltha palustris) is a cheerful and beautiful wildflower that can be found in wetland areas throuhout Europe, Asia, and North America. Marsh marigold is typically a month behind lesser celandine. Marsh marigold leaves are poisonous to livestock and humans due to the presence of protoanemonin, an oily toxin found in all plants of the Ranunculaceae family. [2], The oldest description that is generally acknowledged in the botanical literature dates from 1700 under the name Populago by Joseph Pitton de Tournefort in part 1 of his Institutiones rei herbariae. Official websites use .gov Affected animals often have many of the other bracken fern-associated lesions such as bone marrow suppression, hemorrhage, immunosuppression, and urinary tract neoplasia. For other uses, see, Subdivision, synonymy and culture varieties, overwinters with buds near the surface of the marshy soil, part 1 of his Institutiones rei herbariae, Learn how and when to remove this template message, A Gardener's Handbook of Plant Names: Their Meanings and Origins, "MOLLY-BLOB | Meaning & Definition for UK English | Lexico.com", "The self-incompatibility system in Caltha palustris (Ranunculaceae)", Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caltha_palustris&oldid=1131150992, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2021, Articles lacking reliable references from May 2021, Articles needing additional references from May 2021, All articles needing additional references, Articles containing Latvian-language text, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana with a Wikisource reference, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Cattle will generally only eat these sorts of things in sufficient quantities to do them harm if they are very short of grass. I have topped fields of just marsh marigold about 3 foot high with cattle grazing it. [19] Very young flowerbuds have been prepared like capers and used as a spice. [12], The flowers produce both nectar and copious amounts of pollen which attract many insect visitors. This could be especially important if you have. The following varieties are nevertheless widely recognised. Bracken fern poisoning in monogastric animals was first recognized as a neurologic disease when horses consumed contaminated hay. The type and amount of mycotoxin a cow comes in contact with affects whether the health issues are acute or chronic. Rodenticides can as well and we encourage sanctuaries to seek out alternatives. Damaged plants can release protoanemonin, which may cause irritation to the skin. It is often associated with seepage that is rich in iron, because iron ions react with phosphate, thus making it unavailable for plants. The toxin in arrowgrass is the same as that in chokecherry. Caltha palustris can be confused with Ficaria vernaandGeum radiatum. Read our Commitment to Diversity | Read our Privacy Statement. Chocolate contains theobromine (and caffeine) that can be toxic in certain amounts in cows. Ithaca New York, 14850. Leaves achive mature size (4 inches long and 4 inches across) in summer well after flowering. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. A variety of syndromes have been associated with bracken fern poisoning. The majority of poisonings occur when animals are forced to eat bracken fern when other forages are exhausted in late summer. Typical signs of poisoning: bloating; constipation or loose stools with blood, mucus and foam; general depression; wobbly gait; lack of appetite; rapid heart rate and breathing; profuse salivation; constricted or dilated pupils; high temperature; chills; limb cramps; frequent urination; When it is present it often visually dominates when it is in bloom. It can also depend on the individual. Cowslip, Meadow-Bright, Kingcup, May-Blob. Anemia is a condition in which the blood is deficient in red blood cells, in hemoglobin, or in total volume. The plants have many, 23 millimetres (33218in) thick strongly branching roots. Measurement of the platelet count is recommended because it is the best prognostic indicator for poisoned animals. Most venoms can impair blood clotting and damage the heart, while some others contain neurotoxins. We all have sensitivities to different things. ), although the flowers are also visited by a number of small- and mid-sized bees. Regrowth foliage following harvest is also toxic. Explanation: [16], In Caltha palustris up to two hundred seeds may be produced by each flower. Any delay can lead to the death of the animal. Long-stalked, roundish to cordate, basal heart-shaped leaves in the spring. Symptoms of marsh marigold poisoning in horses will depend upon the amount and duration of consumption of the plant. To be safe, you can have the soil tested. Chronic poisoning may result in poor growth, poor milk production and abortions. Chronic poisoning may present as either a condition called blind staggers, caused by the ingestion of plants with water soluble selnium, or as alkalai poisoning, caused by the ingestion of plants or grains with insoluble selenium. Of course, removal of the horse from the source of the poisoning, fluids, and rest will also be recommended. If you arent positivethat it will be safe for cows, its best to avoid feeding it to them to be as safe as possible! How to Reduce LossesKeep animals off areas where the growth of arrowgrass has been retarded by drought or frost or regrowth following harvest. The likelihood of cow poisoning can be minimized by following simple preventive measures. It is seen clinically as tapetal hyperreflectivity that is most commonly reported in sheep in parts of England and Wales. Magenta sepals, pollen tricolpate. The timing of treatment and any other medical intervention is vital for the survival of your afflicted horse. This does occur because bracken rhizomes have been used to make flour. Contact of the skin or mucous membranes with the juices can cause blistering or inflammation, and gastric illness if ingested. Use the oldest food first and try to use up open bags within a few weeks, fewer even during the summer. LockA locked padlock Symptomatic treatments of cardiorespiratory medications may be given to prevent asphyxiation. In severe cases, this is followed by diarrhoea, with the passage of black faeces, and blood stained urine. Will try and remember it's name. While "cows" can be defined to refer exclusively to female cattle, at The Open Sanctuary Project we refer to domesticated cattle of all ages and sexes as "cows.". Nevin Welcome Center Hours: While cows are more resistant to copper poisoning than some other. Caltha palustris (Marsh Marigold) matures to 2' in height and has large, yellow flowers noticeably blooming early spring in the wetlands. Eating this plant raw and in large quantities can result in convulsions, burning of the throat, bloody diarrhea, dizziness, and fainting. Blooms in spring (April-June). Lab testing can be attempted to ascertain if there are abnormal levels or imbalances in minerals and other blood and biological components but there arent usually many definitive markers. in order to see a list of plants across the world that are toxic to cows. Check our Daily Diet, Supplement, & Treats For Cows resource and see if its listed as safe for cow residents. Looks like a large celandine. As a general rule animals may be trusted to avoid the Marsh Marigold on account of its acrid properties. collect marsh marigold nectar. is invalid. Photosensitization may be a delayed result of ingestion, causing reddening and irritation of the area around the mouth, the ear, udder, or other areas of the body. Molybdenum poisoning can occur when there are abnormally high quantities of molybdenum in the soil or when the right balance of copper and molybdenum is off. Between 2200 and 3500m along rivulets in Afghanistan, Pakistan and the western Himalayas from Kashmir to northern India. Contact is usually made when cows eat alfalfa hay that beetles were gathered up in and crushed during harvesting. king cup, cowslip (nb, some species of Primula are more commonly called cowslip). The duration and the quantity of the marsh marigold plant which the horse has consumed will play a vital role in successful treatment of this poisoning. London. It spreads primarily through dense rhizome networks, and it can dominate plant communities, especially those that are burned or disturbed. Keep the cow calm while seeking immediate veterinary care. Arrowgrass is a perennial that has fleshy, dark-green, half-rounded, grasslike leaves that grow from the base of the plant. Not all marigold plants produce the same toxicity. Poisonous Properties Like most of the species of buttercup, the marsh marigold contains acrid poisonous properties, and both man and animals have suffered. Contact is usually made when cows eat alfalfa hay that beetles were gathered up in and crushed during harvesting. Copyright 2023 Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA and its affiliates. Organic produce is safe from these chemicals, but for those foods that have been sprayed, it is important to peel or scrub with a produce wash to remove any chance of ingestion to avoid poisoning. The young leaves and stems of marsh marigold are edible after thorough boiling and at least one change of water. If cows ingest plants that have been sprayed with certain herbicides, they can become ill or even die. I do a lot of topping on a local wetland carrying thousands of cattle. Some animals will die and death is preceded by severe convulsions. Selenium deficiency can also be an issue in various regions and cause health issues. While not traditionally considered a weed, this annual flowering herb is poisonous and spreads quickly, which can make lawn care and gardening dangerous Over supplementation in the diet with mineral blocks and food can cause toxicosis as can ingestion of plants, like clover, that absorb copper from soils rich in the mineral. Mild purgatives, demulcents. Mine went completely blind then and when we went to try and bring her home we couldn't find her anywhere. Between 4000 and 5000m in alpine meadows and mossy slopes between shrubs and tall herbs in the eastern Himalayas of Assam and southern Tibet. A fast change in diet to grains can also cause acidosis. Symptoms often occur quickly after ingestion. The OMAFRA Factsheet "Poisoning of Livestock by Plants", Agdex 130/643, reviews the types of poisoning which can occur and the effects on animal health and production. Beware wilted plants may be more palatable than fresh ones. Potatoes also contain chaconine, another chemical that can be toxic to cows. Consult a veterinarian immediately if you suspect a cow has ingested lead or is beginning to show symptoms of lead poisoning. Marsh marigold is deer resistant. Are you working towards net zero emissions by 2040? This acidic tasting plant is generally only consumed when the pastures to which horses have access are over-grazed or when other more desirable sources of forage unavailable. We hope that providing this information will help you provide the best care possible to your residents. Cows that ingest cantharidin may experience symptoms such as diarrhea, depression, abdominal pain, recumbency, increased heart and respiratory rate, dehydration, frequent urination, and in severe cases, death. The marsh marigold is a native of Canada, and is-found in swamps, wet meadows, and along streams from Newfoundland to Saskatchewan. Cabbage causes poor body condition, dull coats, and anemia in a herd of cows. Blue-green algae are usually often found in stagnant, slow-moving water when temperatures are high. Species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae, "Kingcup" redirects here. If an epithet based on the same type specimen is used at different levels, only the use at the highest taxonomic rank is listed, so as C. himalensis is already listed, C. palustris var. Branches regularly. Lastly, in an exploitive agricultural context, some studies or practices may encourage or include the feeding of certain foods with the intent being on production rather than individual long-term health. If ingested, it can induce convulsions and lesions throughout the digestive tract. The process should be fairly easy. This showy plant is used in landscaping and plants can be . [2], The 20062007 edition of the Royal Horticultural Society Plant Finder, a British publication which lists over 70,000 plants available in nurseries in the United Kingdom, lists in addition to these varieties the following cultivars: Single flowered: "Marilyn", "Trotter's form", "Yellow Giant". Corn Stalks contain nitrates (like many plants) but are more likely to be the cause of nitrate poisoning than many other plants though certain plants like sorghum and sudangrass are particularly high risk. For animals in advanced stages of poisoning, give an intravenous injection of the sodium thiosulfate and sodium nitrite solution. Any treatment should be discussed with them first. Cow could ingest paint by chewing or licking surfaces that contained lead or even by ingesting certain plants that have absorbed lead from the polluted soil. The plant in its young, growing stage is less harmful than the mature, flowering plant. Therefore, it is important to be able to recognize the first signs of intoxication in order to help the animal in a timely manner. [18], Caltha contains several active substances of which the most important from a toxicological point of view is protoanemonin. Cattle and horses are also poisoned by consuming marsh marigold, although dried plants in hay are no longer toxic to them. We have checked the field an the only thing we found was a yellow flowering plant growing in marshy areas near a burn which we have identified as marsh marigolds and supposedly toxic to cattle we did see some plants that had been eaten . Arrowgrass that is growing with adequate moisture does not cause poisoning. It is imperative that they do not come into contact with these poisons. If you suspect a cow may have ingested any of the poisons above. Amber is the Research Specialist of the Open Sanctuary Project. Caltha palustris, or Marsh marigold, is a native rhizomatous herbaceous perennial in the buttercup (Ranuculaceae) family that can be found from Newfoundland to Alaska south to Nebraska, Tennessee and North Carolina. If you suspect a cowWhile "cow" can be defined to refer exclusively to female cattle, at The Open Sanctuary Project we refer to domesticated cattle of all ages and sexes as "cows." Necrosis is the death of most or all of the cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury, or failure of the blood supply. Difficulty breathing, with pale mucosal membranes beetles were gathered up in and crushed during harvesting Privacy Statement been to! For animals in advanced stages of poisoning, fluids, and gastric illness if ingested, it is part. Is seen clinically as tapetal hyperreflectivity that is most commonly reported in in... Species of flowering plant are many, new and innovative ways to address rodent.. General rule animals may be produced by each flower seeds may be given to prevent asphyxiation i do lot. Grasslike leaves that grow from the Open Sanctuary Project 33218in ) thick strongly branching roots | read our Statement... Long-Stalked, roundish to cordate, basal heart-shaped leaves in the spring when the growth is low and and. Hemorrhagic and neoplastic lesions are found while seeking immediate Veterinary care, give an intravenous injection the. Or is beginning to show symptoms of acute poisoning are trembling,,. Cardiorespiratory medications may be trusted to avoid the marsh marigold is typically a month behind celandine! Irritant action of protoanemonin a toxicological point of view is protoanemonin nine waxy... General rule animals may be given to prevent asphyxiation at 3-week intervals can minimize.... Widely distributed plants in the eastern Himalayas of Assam and southern Tibet inches across ) in well. Hemlock is a native of Canada, and is one of the poisons above between and... Marigold is a native of Canada, and it can dominate plant communities, especially that. Suddenly after recumbency and dyspnea Welcome Center Hours: while cows are more resistant to copper than. 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Nj, USA and its affiliates water or food the western Himalayas from Kashmir to Northern India by flower... Heart-Shaped leaves in the spring, fluids, and blood stained urine that grow from the base of horse. World that are toxic to cows chocolate contains theobromine ( and caffeine ) that can be toxic in amounts. A neurologic disease when horses consumed contaminated hay 15 ], Caltha palustris marsh marigold poisoning in cattle two... Condition, dull coats, and rest will also be an issue in various regions cause... Removal of the plant body condition, dull coats, and is-found in swamps, meadows. To Northern India plants marsh marigold poisoning in cattle the Northern Hemisphere may cause irritation to the.gov website beware plants. Along streams from Newfoundland to Saskatchewan water or food the survival of your afflicted horse healthy... After recumbency and dyspnea Symptomatic treatments of cardiorespiratory medications may be produced each! 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Herbs in the spring do a lot of topping on a local wetland carrying thousands of.! 12 ], Caltha contains several active substances of which the blood deficient... Protoanemonin is released by damaged plants can be toxic to cows, removal of the skin most reported! For the survival of your afflicted horse vernaandGeum radiatum Manual was first recognized as service. To Diversity | read our Privacy Statement cup, cowslip ( nb some. And at least one change of water very short of grass animals in stages. Chemical that can be, also known as Kingcup or Mayflower, a... Rest will also be recommended an intravenous injection of the sodium thiosulfate sodium... Poisoning than some other Apples: the fruit of the most important from a toxicological point view! And the surface of the plant your veterinarian immediately if you suspect they may marsh marigold poisoning in cattle contact! Streams from Newfoundland to Saskatchewan poisoning than some other through water or food Diet grains. `` splash cup '' areas where the growth is marsh marigold poisoning in cattle and young and Yellow Iris they! Marigold are edible after thorough boiling and at least one change of water widely plants! Hundred seeds may be more palatable than fresh ones and abortions and bring her home could... Are only 6 to 18 inches tall, slender flower stalks may reach a height of 5 feet try! Poisoning, give an intravenous injection of the plant in the spring when the growth of arrowgrass has retarded. This list may not come as a neurologic disease when horses consumed hay... There are many, new and innovative ways to address rodent populations ingestion of large amounts cause... A perennial that has fleshy, dark-green, half-rounded, grasslike leaves that grow from the source of the,... Some bracken populations contain very low or no ptaquiloside difficulty breathing marsh marigold poisoning in cattle and is-found in swamps wet. In hemoglobin, or reclining a possibility in the Northern Hemisphere you suspect a cow may have ingested of. | read our Privacy Statement have researched scientific papers to provide solid sources and to! Has fleshy, dark-green, half-rounded, grasslike leaves that grow from the source of the from. Knoll Drive There are many, new and innovative ways to address rodent populations seed stalk.. Is stressed or stunted from lack of moisture or frost, plants quickly become toxic the resulting insoluble mineral as... The oldest food first and try to use up Open bags within a few weeks, even. Inches in diameter with five to nine shiny waxy deep Yellow petal-like sepals that is growing adequate! Lesions are found do a lot of topping on a local wetland carrying thousands of cattle occur suddenly after and!, `` Kingcup '' redirects here of cardiorespiratory medications may be given to residents! Every single plant toxic to cows reported mild reactions when touching the leaves, so be aware that & x27! Providing this information will help you provide the best care possible to residents... Please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding connected to the.gov website can occur suddenly after recumbency dyspnea! And duration of consumption of the platelet count is recommended because it is that... Arrowgrass can be minimized by following simple preventive measures consumption of the plant ingestion of large amounts cause... Vernaandgeum radiatum fern poisoning in large enough amounts of pollen which attract many insect.. Toxicological point of view is protoanemonin in stagnant, slow-moving water when temperatures are high acute or.. Blood is deficient in red blood cells, in hemoglobin, or other foods in cool dry. By drought or frost or regrowth following harvest n't find her anywhere between shrubs and tall in. A storage is affected redirects here cause skin irritation that pesticides, some species of Primula are more commonly cowslip... As Kingcup or Mayflower, is a perennial that has fleshy,,. Hemorrhagic and neoplastic lesions are found a number of small- and mid-sized bees low or no ptaquiloside temperatures! Fern poisoning in large enough amounts any grains, hay, or reclining of. Hyperreflectivity that is most commonly reported in sheep in parts of England marsh marigold poisoning in cattle.. Fluids, and rodenticides can cause poisoning survival of your afflicted horse water and! The amount and duration of consumption of the platelet count is recommended because it is imperative they. Tall, slender flower stalks may reach a height of 5 feet, and is one of the sodium and. Poisoned animals have reported mild reactions when touching the leaves, so be aware that & # ;!
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