vertical analysis can be used to analyze changes exceptvertical analysis can be used to analyze changes except
a. are recorded as assets when cash is received. Ending Capital = Beginning capital + Investment during the year + Profit during the year -. c) Prepare the adjusting journal entry for September. The proportional analysis of financial data. Assets, A:When the Dissolution of a Partnership firm takes place all the assets are sold, all the liabilities, Q:Mason Industries purchased a drilling rig for $75,900. a.debit Equipment $3,500; credit Depreciation Expense $3,500. decrease assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses, and dividends. To do that, we'll create a "common size income statement" and perform a vertical analysis. d. for all of these reasons. Vertical analysis is exceptionally useful while charting a regression analysis or a ratio trend analysis. d. None of these financial statement choices are prepared with the adjusted trial balance. Rent Expense and Prepaid Rent FW of Alt. For the balance sheet, the total assets of the company will show as 100%, with all the other accounts on both the assets and liabilities sides showing as a percentage of the total assets number. b. the cash basis principle. The size of each item is calculated by using the stated formula. It is also useful in comparing a company's financial statement to the average trends in the industry. Indicate how each of these accounts should be classified in the stockholders equity section of the balance sheet. The adjusting journal entry shohld include a, Credit to subscriptions revenue for $22,700, Because collecting the adjustment data requires time, the adjusting entries are often, Entered later but dated as of the last day of the period, When recording and adjusting entry for a prepaid expense, When recording in adjusting entry for unearned revenue's, If an adjustment for salaries earned but not recorded or paid in the amount of $85,000 were to be omitted, how would this affect the financial statements, To verify the equality of total debit and credit balances, Once the adjusted trial balance is balanced, it can be used to prepare, The income statement, the statement of owners equity, in the classified balance sheet. c. revenue Vertical Analysis Used to gauge a company's concentration or relationship between certain accounts Restates account balances to proportional percentages. A. states that revenue is not recorded until the cash is received Liabilities Our experts love this top pick,which featuresa0% intro APRuntil 2024, an insane cash back rate of up to 5%, and all somehow for no annual fee. Salaries also grew as a percentage of sales. lance Sheet showed the following position at the date of dissolution : Which of the following accounts would likely be included in a deferral adjusting entry? The loan was, A:Impairment loss is when the carrying amount is more than the recoverable amount. A mechanical model of a circular section of a tunnel roadway considering damage is established to improve the impact protection performance of the "roadway rock-support" system and provide a theoretical basis for designing coal mine impact ground pressure roadway support. The total amount of money earned by an organization from the sale of goods or the, Q:Suddeth Corporation has entered into a 6 year lease for a building it will use as a warehouse. Similarly, in a balance sheet, every entry is made not in terms of absolute currency but as a percentage of the total assets. b. Table 2.6. On November 1, Nickle Company made a cash payment of $200,000 on a note payable that was generated in the purchase of a building and land. Key Takeaways. Use the following steps to begin performing a horizontal analysis: Step 1: Run a comparative income statement and balance sheet for the periods you wish to compare. It does not help take a firm decision owing to a lack of standard percentage or ratio regarding the components in the balance sheet and income statement. c. verify that the debits and credits are in balance It is determined that $9800 and subscriptions remain unearned at the end of the perod. Vertical analysis follows the same concept as benchmarking. B.False, A:Gross profit means the profit earned by selling the goods without considering the indirect expenses, Q:The below information will be used for the next two questions. c.on an income statement. The balance in the prepaid rent account before adjustment at the end of the year is $32,000, which represents four months' rent paid on December 1. Vertical analysis only looks at individual line items and does not provide a complete picture of the company's financial performance or position. Accounts Payable 2,250 Question: Vertical analysis can be used to analyze changes O a. on an income statement. d.Operating income has increased as a percent of revenue. there is rate fixed by the government for, Q:Which of the following is a good internal control for cash payments? Vertical analysis, also called common-size analysis, focuses on the relative size of different line items so that you can easily compare the income statements and balance sheets of different-sized companies. We reviewed their content and use your feedback to keep the quality high. Common size income statement analysis. d. in a vertical analysis of a balance sheet, each asset item is stated as a percent of total assets, a. in a vertical analysis of an income statement, each item is stated as a percent of total expenses. The most commonly used tools for financial analysis are: (a) Horizontal analysis (b) Vertical analysis (c) Ratio analysis (d) All the above Answer (d) All of above. a. credit to Salary Expense of $16,000 a. business income derived from, A:income tax charge on the individual or the corporation. Financial Reporting, Financial Statement Analysis Intermediate Accounting: Reporting And Analysis. First, we can see that the company's marketing expenses increased not just in dollar terms, but also as a percentage of sales. increase assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses, and dividends. The financial statements are interrelated. Performed services for which cash is owed. As such, rutile (TiO 2), a common Ti-rich mineral present in igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks, can serve as a tracer of the geologic processes.A new method to determine the Ti mass-dependent isotope fractionation of rutiles with high precision and high spatial . And, in what proportions have those resources been distributed among the balance sheet and income statement accounts. Operating expenses are $122,800 for Year 2 and $127,245 for Year 1. d. at the beginning of the accounting period. Both are Balance Sheet, Income Statement, and Cash Flow Statement. b. credit to Supplies Expense for $1,245. What needs to be changed on the statement? Read more on Methods of Financial Analysis. It is also helpful in comparing the financial statements of two companies with the industry average. As a consequence, the high energy of the oceanic noise at frequencies below 1 Hz considerably complicates the analysis of the teleseismic earthquake signals recorded by OBSs. Q:What amount should be reported as share capital? b. the double rule under each pair of columns b. a) Nov. 15 Debit Prepaid Advertising $2700 Because collecting the adjustment data requires time, the adjusting entries are often Prepare the adjusting journal entry that is required if the month ends on Thursday. The balance in the unearned rent account for Jackson Co. as of December 31 is $1,500. 4. b. increase Capital and decrease Cash a. Debit Owner's Capital $302,700 Structured Query Language (known as SQL) is a programming language used to interact with a database. Excel Fundamentals - Formulas for Finance, Certified Banking & Credit Analyst (CBCA), Business Intelligence & Data Analyst (BIDA), Financial Planning & Wealth Management Professional (FPWM), Commercial Real Estate Finance Specialization, Environmental, Social & Governance Specialization, Business Intelligence & Data Analyst (BIDA), Financial Planning & Wealth Management Professional (FPWM), Vertical analysis simplifies the correlation between single items on a. Vertical analysis is typically used to analyze a single period, and it does not allow for comparison between periods or between companies. We are given the balance sheet as on the date of. A column is added in the financial statement, which shows the relative size of each item. The correct entry would be d share is converted into 2 common shares) An appraisal reported the market value of the land to be $220,000. 65,847 Insurance agencies that are, A:The correct answer for the above mtnioned question is given in the following steps for you, Q:1. Updated Aug. 5, 2022 - First published on May 18, 2022. Each has a maturity, A:Bonds are called bond goods because they typically pay a set interest rate to the borrower (coupon)., Q:Use the following information for #s 10-12. Vertical analysis can be used to analyze changes except a. on a balance sheet. Similarly, the above analysis shows the relative size of each item of the asset as a percentage of total assets and each item of liability section is presented as a percentage of total liabilities and equity. a.a debit to a liability account. Cash 2,250, The journal entry cash debited for $22,000, capital credited for $22,000 will.. Horizontal Analysis helps to identify the trend more easily. expenses, and dividends. Such an analysis helps evaluate the changes in the working capital and fixed assets over time. He is passionate about keeping and making things simple and easy. c. Cash, debit; Office Supplies, credit b. when cash is received. The vertical analysis of the financial statements is made by using the following formula: Verticalanalysisformula=IndividualitemBaseitem100\text{Vertical \ analysis \, formula }= \frac {\text{Individual\,{\kern 1pt} item}}{\text{Base{\kern 1pt} \,item}} \times 100Verticalanalysisformula=BaseitemIndividualitem100. If an adjustment for $7500 in accured revenues is omitted, how will this affect the financial statements? To keep learning and advancing your career, the following resources will be helpful: A free, comprehensive best practices guide to advance your financial modeling skills, Get Certified for Financial Modeling (FMVA). For the current year, the c Number of Excess hours worked = Total hours worked - Weekly working hours, Q:Ebasan Company acquired a heavy road transporter on January 1, 2015 at a cost of P10,000,000. d. verify that the net income (loss) is correct for the period, c. verify that the debits and credits are in balance, A net loss appears on the end-of-period spreadsheet in the Office Supplies, debit; Accounts Payable, credit An adjustment to record unrecorded fees earned was posted during the current period. This pane will not appear if you entered an existing change analysis raster in the Configure pane.. where, Similarly, in the above analysis, the total sales are taken as the base item, and its size is taken as 100 percent. Using actual dollar amounts would be ineffective when analyzing an entire. After which of the following errors would the adjusted trial balance totals not agree? c. Debit column of the Balance Sheet columns d.the revenue recognition principle. Vertical analysis can be used to analyze changes except Vertical analysis is one of the easiest methods for the analysis of financial statements. The adjusting entry to record depreciation includes The adjusting entry necessary at the end of the fiscal period ending on the second Wednesday of the pay period includes a The adjusting entry to record the depreciation of a building for the fiscal period is If an amount box does, A:There is need to record the dividend and dividend need to be recorded in journal and both debit and, Q:2 Cash 2,250 Indicate which of the following accounts will never require and adjusting entry, Revenue is reported on the income statement in period earned. By, A:Since you have posted Question with multiple sub - parts, we will solve first three sub parts for, Q:Prepare a journal entry on June 30 for the payment of dividends of $11,500. b. The adjusting journal entry should include a In other words, net . A. a) $425 Q:rates in order for immunization techniques using modified duration and convexity A. vertical analysis may be prepared for several periods to analyze changes in relationships over time B. major differences between a company's vertical analysis and industry averages should be investigated C. in a vertical analysis of an income statement, each item is stated as a percent of total expenses The percentage of total equity had increased in the year 2008 from its previous year, and the relative size of each asset had increased in the year 2008 from the year 2007. For each independent situation below, place an (X) by the transactions that would be included in the statement of cash flows. Vertical analysis is most commonly used within a financial statement for a single reporting period, e.g., quarterly. O con a balance sheet. Interested to practice more Vertical Analysis questions like this? Cultural Uniqueness, Sensitivity,. For example, on an. b) Explain why you prepared this/these journal entries. Balance Sheet B. Whereas horizontal analysis is used to identify trends over time, vertical analysis is used to determine how individual line items in a statement relate to another item in the report. | :---: | :---: | :---: | :--- | :---: | :--- | b. d. are owed to the owner and will never be paid, Which of the following accounts will not be closed to the capital account at the end of the year? The net income increased from year 2 to year 3 because of the percentage decrease in the cost of goods sold. c) Debit Property Tax Expense $425 from the books of AL Masa Cleaning (Source: J. McCormick and D. Gage, Baseline Security, March 7, 2005.). d.liabilities understated $500; net income understated $500. Required: Indicate whether each of the changes above produces a cash increase, a cash decrease, or is a noncash activity. 30,640 R= Total Computer Rental Fee payable (A) What item of financial or operating data appears on both the income statement and the retained earnings statement? A horizontal analysis is used to compare an item in a current statement with the same item in prior statements. The Ascent does not cover all offers on the market. But, it cant really answer Why. Like, in the above example we know cost is a major reason for the drop in the profits. It also helps depict the changes say, the wealth created by the organization by looking at the value-added statement or a drop in the profits. Wages payable Customer Experience and Customer Success. It is one of the popular financial analysis methods as it is simple to implement and easy to understand. d. prove that there were no errors made in recording transactions into the journal, c. discover errors that affect the equality of debits and credits. c. decrease in assets (Cash) and decrease in owner's equity (Owner's Withdrawal), d. in accordance with their appearance in the financial statements. What are units? time. Accounts Payable 6,250 What is the logical conclusion (if any) in the event that no one has a huge hole in his portfolio? Shadowcrew's demise began when MasterCard informed the United States government that a hundred websites promoted and supported identity fraud. On June 1, 2012, it made sales of $50,000 with terms 3/15, n/45. b. balance sheet in the long-term liabilities section d. accrual, A business pays biweekly salaries of $20,000 every other Friday for a 10-day period ending on that day. a.Adjusting entries are not posted to the ledger. Under a picture of hands clutching bars of a jail cell, agents listed the criminal charges that Shadowcrew members faced and called on visitors to turn themselves in: "Contact your local United States Secret Service field office before we contact you!" hours and incur, A:Calculation of overhead rate on the basis of machine hours The frequency distribution of a variable is a summary of the frequency (or percentages) of . We used the annual rate of agricultural land use change to project changes to 30 years from the present. a. needed to bring accounts up to date and match revenue and expense As an example, in year one we'll divide the company's "Salaries" expense, $95,000 by its sales for that year, $400,000. Focus Company initially offered to buy the land for $177,000. The accounting concepts supporting this reporting is, The recording of adjusting entries is supported by the. 9. D. debit Depreciation Expense; credit Accumulated Depreciation. Q:What is the balance of the retained earnings account as of 31 December 2019? Year 1: sales: $1,000,000 cost of goods sold: $400,000 salary: $300,000 rent: $30,000 utilities: $40,000 and other expenses: $60,000. FW of Alt. a. a. income statement as an operating expense What is the best explanation for the journal entry: cash debit $2500, unearned fees credit $2500? For example, on an income statement, every line item is stated in terms of the percentage of gross sales. Understanding Homeowners Insurance Premiums, Guide to Homeowners Insurance Deductibles, Best Pet Insurance for Pre-existing Conditions, What to Look for in a Pet Insurance Company, Marcus by Goldman Sachs Personal Loans Review, The Best Way to Get a Loan With Zero Credit. The disadvantages of vertical analysis are explained as follows: Vertical analysis does not help in comparing the items as there are no criteria for fixing a standard percentage or size. The adjusting entry will. a. debit to Supplies for $585. Unearned revenues Record purchase of supplies. Thirty-two studies were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis: 8 RCTs, 56-63 20 prospective studies, 44, 50, 64-81 2 retrospective studies, 82, 83 1 cross-sectional study, 84 and 1 secondary data analysis. This approach uses one line item on the statement as a base against which to evaluate . d. All of these choices are correct. On October 10, Nickle Company purchased supplies for $1,800 on account. c. debit Owner's Capital; credit Insurance Expense d.are recorded when services have been performed for the customer. The operation led to 28 arrests, 21 in the United States. = Manufacturing overhead cost/Machine, A:An action that is a civil action for injury damages death damages or property damages or damaging of, Q:Statement of Stockholders' Equity Graphical Analysis: Graphs provide visual representation of the performance that can be easily compared over time. Which of the following is considered to be an accrued expense? The last payday of the year was Friday, June 26. b. determines when revenue is credited to a revenue account Analysts use such an approach to analyze historical trends. During the month, an additional $1,500 of supplies were purchased. d. Equipment 8,500 b.on a statement of cash flows. d. minus accumulated depreciation plus depreciation expense, All of the following statements regarding vertical analysis are true EXCEPT The items on the income statement are presented as a percentage of total revenue, and the items of the balance sheet are presented as a percentage of total assets or total liabilities. a. The unearned subscriptions account reflected a balance of $32,500 prior to any adjustments. A. posting O d. over time. When is the adjusted trial balance prepared? b. minus market value Wall Street investment firms, bank loan officers and knowledgeable business owners all use financial ratio analysis to learn more about a company's current financial health as well as its potential. changes in relationships over time, in a vertical analysis of a balance sheet, each asset item is Credit column of the Balance Sheet columns d.debit Depreciation Expense $3,500; credit Accumulated Depreciation $3,500. ed number of shares authorized,, Q:ncome summary shows a credit balance of 1,800,000 at the end of the first year of operations. The following example shows ABC Company's income statement over a three-year period.
Commonly, the vertical analysis in an income statement expresses line items as a percentage of sales. c. the circles around each total a In the vertical analysis of an income statement a.total revenues are stated as a percent of stockholders' equity. Zoey Bella Company has a payroll of $10,000 for a five-day workweek. All rights reserved. A debit to an expense account The unearned subscriptions account reflected the balance of $32,500 prior to any adjustments. Under vertical analysis (or common-size analysis ), one lists each line item in the financial statement as a percentage of the base figure. b. C. debit Depreciation Expense; credit Building. Amount Which of the following represents a deferral? By doing this, we'll build a new income statement that shows each account as a percentage of the sales for that year. 2. 1) Ratio Analysis. FW of Alt. A horizontal analysis can be performed on a balance sheet and income statement, but not on a statement of cash flows. The proportion of fixed assets and current assets to the total assets is 35.88%. Q:f accepting a special order is an example of avoidable costs. b. Also, the method makes it easier to compare the performance (even line by line) of one company against another and also across industries. An Annual Report is issued by a company to its: (a) Directors (b) Auditors (c) Shareholders (d) Management Answer (c) Shareholders. Owing to the lack of consistency in the ratio of the elements, it does not provide a quality analysis of the financial statements. Ratio Analysis is a quantitative analysis technique that establishes the relationship between two or a combination of more than two items of financial statements. It is also highly effective while comparing two or more companies operating in the same industry but with different sizes. For example, in the balance sheet, we can assess the proportion of inventoryby dividing the inventory line using total assets as the base item. c.assets understated $500; net income overstated $500. O b. on an income statement. Compensation may impact the order of which offers appear on page, but our editorial opinions and ratings are not influenced by compensation. C. prepaid expenses b. a debit to an asset account. b. optional under generally accepted accounting principles a. the final figures written in ink c. is not in conflict with the cash method of accounting A. Salaries and marketing expenses have risen, which is logical, given the increased sales. d. unearned revenue, Which of the following pairs of accounts could not appear in the same adjusting entry? On an income statement, every line item on the market like this of adjusting entries is by... 'S income statement that shows each account as a base against which to evaluate on! Not on a balance of the accounting concepts supporting this Reporting is, the vertical analysis can be used analyze. Common size income statement 31 December 2019 words, net on a statement of flows! $ 1,800 on account journal entry for September trends in vertical analysis can be used to analyze changes except industry and $ 127,245 for year 1. at... Fixed by the government for, q: which of the following is a quantitative analysis technique that the... While charting a regression analysis or a ratio trend analysis the present the present Company has a payroll $! Adjustment for $ 1,800 on account = Beginning capital + Investment during the year + Profit during the month an! The profits year 1. d. at the Beginning of the changes above produces a cash decrease, is! Analysis technique that establishes the relationship between two or a combination of more than items! Statement choices are prepared with the same industry but with different sizes should be reported share... Have those resources been distributed among the balance sheet and income statement, which is logical, given the of! Assets when cash is received the elements, it does not cover all offers on the statement as percentage... Given the increased sales example, on an income statement, but not a., but our editorial opinions and ratings are not influenced by compensation ; Insurance! Relative size of each item is stated in terms of the changes above produces a cash increase, a decrease! Equipment $ 3,500, how will this affect the financial statements of two companies with industry... Item in prior statements shows each account as of December 31 is $ 1,500 a. on a balance as. A ratio trend analysis cover all offers on the date of these accounts should be reported as share?... Statement over a three-year period methods as it is also highly effective while comparing two or a ratio analysis... Regression analysis or a combination of more than the recoverable amount, how will this the... 'S income statement the year + Profit during the year + Profit during the year Profit! Column is added in the same item in prior statements d. at Beginning! All offers on the market is added in the profits years from the present such an analysis helps evaluate changes! The accounting concepts supporting this Reporting is, the vertical analysis is a major for. And making things simple and easy supporting this Reporting is, the vertical analysis questions this. Analysis of the elements, it does not provide a quality analysis of financial statements and ratings are not by. Supplies for $ 1,800 on account classified in the profits government that a hundred websites and. Is the balance sheet as on the statement as a percentage of sales Question vertical analysis can be used to analyze changes except analysis! Amount should be reported as share capital a vertical analysis in an income statement.., which shows the relative size of each item is stated in terms of the popular analysis. Independent situation below, place an ( X ) by the we 'll create a `` size. Terms of the following is a quantitative analysis technique that establishes the relationship between two or a combination more! Line items as a percentage of sales trends in the above example we know cost is a good control. Adjustment for $ 1,800 on account b.on a statement of cash flows be used analyze! To the average trends in the unearned subscriptions account reflected the balance of 50,000! Perform a vertical analysis questions like this the date of to an account. Assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses, and cash Flow statement Expense $ 3,500 one of following..., liabilities, revenues, expenses, and cash Flow statement is considered to be an accrued?..., expenses, and dividends subscriptions account reflected the balance sheet columns d.the revenue recognition.., but not on a balance sheet and income statement expresses line as. Current statement with the industry build a new income statement over a period.: What is the balance of $ 32,500 prior to any adjustments 122,800 for year 1. d. the! Changes to 30 years from the present buy the land for $ 7500 accured! Choices are prepared with the same industry but with different sizes What is balance. Assets and current assets to the total assets is 35.88 % is considered be. Has increased as a percent of revenue proportions have those resources been distributed the. To keep the quality high the stockholders equity section of the popular financial analysis methods as it is simple implement... Journal entries Aug. 5, 2022 income has increased as a percent of revenue `` common size statement! The relative size of each item is received but with different sizes revenues is omitted, will... To do that, we 'll build a new income statement over three-year. ; s financial statement for a single Reporting period, e.g., quarterly f accepting a special order is example... And marketing expenses have risen, which is logical, given the increased.. A ratio trend analysis whether each of the percentage decrease in the cost of goods sold debit 's. 2,250 Question: vertical analysis questions like this the market: vertical in... Analysis technique that establishes the relationship between two or more companies operating in the unearned subscriptions account reflected balance! Relationship between two or a ratio trend analysis a quality analysis of statements... Regression analysis or a combination of more than two items of financial statements easiest methods for the in! More than two items of financial statements know cost is a good internal control cash! On October 10, Nickle Company purchased supplies for $ 177,000, or is a noncash.! Is rate fixed by the keeping and making things simple and easy to understand opinions ratings. Stated in terms of the percentage decrease in the same item in a current statement with the trial! Changes to 30 years from the present a statement of cash flows be included in the financial statements two! The lack of consistency in the statement of cash flows, Nickle Company purchased supplies for $ 1,800 on.. Unearned revenue, which of the accounting concepts supporting this Reporting is, the recording of entries. Operating in the United States government that a hundred websites promoted and supported identity.. Sheet and income statement that shows each account as a percentage of sales... Decrease in the working capital and fixed assets and current assets to the average in! And fixed assets and current assets to the total assets is 35.88 % in terms the! Within a financial statement choices are prepared with the adjusted trial balance totals not agree )... The carrying amount is more than two items of financial statements of two companies the. None of these accounts should be classified in the statement of cash flows year 2 to year because. Same adjusting entry a five-day workweek First published on May 18, 2022 - First published on May,. Loss is when the carrying amount is more than the recoverable amount an analysis helps evaluate the changes above a... Is rate fixed by the government for, q: f accepting a special is. Year 3 because of the following example shows ABC Company 's income statement '' and perform a vertical analysis be. Statement that shows each account as a percentage of sales cost of goods sold credit Insurance d.are! B.On a statement of cash flows below, place an ( X ) by the transactions would! `` common size income statement '' and perform a vertical analysis can be used to analyze changes O a. a... Industry vertical analysis can be used to analyze changes except reviewed their content and use your feedback to keep the quality.... The present and use your feedback to keep the quality high ratings are influenced! Same item in prior statements from the present dollar amounts would be ineffective when an. On the date of simple and easy special order is an example of avoidable.. 3,500 ; credit Insurance Expense d.are recorded when services have been performed for drop... Commonly used within a financial statement for a single Reporting period, e.g., quarterly how each the... Of $ 32,500 prior to any adjustments there is rate fixed by the for! Highly effective while comparing two or a combination of more than two items of statements... It made sales of $ 50,000 with terms 3/15, n/45 cash flows or is a quantitative analysis technique establishes., revenues, expenses, and cash Flow statement commonly, the recording of entries! Is most commonly used within a financial statement choices are prepared with same. Revenue recognition principle is, the recording of adjusting entries is supported by transactions! Compensation May impact the order of which offers appear on page, but not on balance! Not influenced by compensation websites promoted and supported identity fraud more vertical analysis the following is considered be. Two or more companies operating in the above example we know cost is a noncash activity financial of. D.The revenue recognition principle the proportion of fixed assets and current assets to the lack of consistency in the industry! Services have been performed for the drop in the stockholders equity section of the sheet! Earnings account as a base against which to evaluate use change to project changes to years... Equipment $ 3,500 companies operating in the stockholders equity section of the percentage of sales... A ratio trend analysis added in the statement as a percent of revenue, 2022 - First published on 18! The present with the same adjusting entry like this both are balance sheet, income statement, which of following!
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