However, they are unable to analyze the dynamics of sediment erosion and deposition in the watershed as it contains fewer amounts of input data. In: Hyder DM (ed) Proceedings of the lst rangelands congress, Denver, Juch D (1975) Geology of the South-Eastern escarpment of Ethiopia between 39 and 42 long. Tourism in the region includes diving in the Dahlak islands. Lack of moisture and shallow profile preclude cultivation of these soils. The climate fluctuates between Mediterranean subtropical and Mediterranean temperate, with annual average temperatures of between 13 C and 17 C, and average annual rainfall of between 400 mm and 800 mm. Remote Sensing (RS) and Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) techniques to quantify The first type is composed of euritic nitosols and andosols and is found on portions of the Western and Eastern highlands. At a global scale, water erosion is the main cause off soil degradation (Deniz et al. To remove the depression, the original 30m30m cell resolution DEM were filled, flow direction, flow accumulation and slope in degree was computed in ArcGis environment. But, the data on rainfall kinetic energy and rainfall intensity are limited in Ethiopia to compute rainfall erosivity. They occur in the southwest and total 6% of Ethiopia. /FontDescriptor 7 0 R Whereas the rest low and moderate soil erosion risk classes account 24.7% and 5.07%, respectively (Table8). They are often referred to as skeletal soils or, in the United Nations FAO soil classification, as lithosols. A personal overview. In: Pimentel D(Ed) WorldSoil Erosionand Conservation. In: Brahimo AK, Vlek PL (eds) Land use and soil resources. (2014) GIS Based Soil Loss Estimation Using RUSLE Model: The Case of Jabi Tehinan Woreda, ANRS, Ethiopia. 2019). Drier sections of savanna found at lower elevations of the Western and Eastern Highlands contain tropical dry forests mixed with grassland. 1 3} \right)^{0. /Ascent 905 The lowest erosion rate is from Molic Andosols. << The off-site effect also generates deposition of soil materials in the reservoirs, irrigation schemes and waterways downstream (Cerd and Doerr 2008). Lithosols are azonal soils with an incomplete solum and/or without clearly expressed morphological features. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Podzols having a thin iron pan in or over the spodic B horizon, Other Podzols showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Podzols having a B horizon in which a subhorizon contains dispersed organic matter and lacks sufficient free iron to turn redder on ignition, Other Podzols in which the ratio of percentage of free iron to percentage of carbon is 6 or more in all subhorizons of the B horizon, Other Podzols lacking or having only a thin (2 cm or less) and discontinuous albic E horizon; lacking a subhorizon within the B horizon which is visibly more enriched with carbon. Using the empirical equations, the sediment yield at the watershed outlet was calculated as follows. >> Planosols having permafrost within 200 cm of the surface, Other Planosols having more than 6 percent sodium in the exchange complex of the slowly permeable horizon, Other Planosols having a mollic A horizon or a eutric histic H horizon, Other Planosols having an umbric A horizon or a dystric histic H horizon, Other Planosols having a base saturation of less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) in at least a part of the slowly permeable horizon within 125 cm of the surface. LUVISOLS (L)Other soils having an argillic B horizon. . Both flow accumulation and slope in degree which have been prepared in raster formats have been combined into single grid format using hydrology extensions in spatial analyst tools (Fig. There are, however, many hills and massifs, which range up to 1300 m as well as outstanding fault-induced depressions, such as the Danakil, lying as low as 155 m below sea level. The weight of each parameter was calculated using an 8 8 pairwise comparison matrix. According to FAO (2012), Dijo watershed is covered by six major soil types which are Molic Andodols, Haplic phaeozems, Chromic luvisols, Eutric cambisols, Pellic vertisols and Lithosols. 0000004979 00000 n J Afr Earth Sci 45:478488. 537; U.S. Department of Agriculture: Washington, DC, USA. /Type /Font Ultisols are classified by D'Hoore as Ferruginous Tropical Soils, Ferrisols, and Humic Ferrisols. The first type is composed of euritic nitosols and andosols and is found on portions of the Western and Eastern highlands. Missing rainfall data for all stations have been filled using nearest neighborhood interpolation technique. The annual mean soil loss rate for each woreda was estimated and each woreda erosion severities were compared with the tolerable soil loss limit. Some of the rich coffee-growing regions of Ethiopia are found on these soils. 0000003057 00000 n CNRPacini Editore, Pisa, Demlie M, Ayenew T, Wohnlich S (2007) Comprehensive hydrological and hydrogeological study of topographically closed lakes in highland Ethiopia: the case of Hayq and Ardibo. Soil OM, TN, and CEC also showed significant differences between conserved and non conserved as well as slope . The characteristics of soil, watershed topography (gently sloping and sloping), lack of vegetation cover, cultivation of steep slope without engineering measures, free grazing and sand extraction contributed for moderate soil erosion. P factors can be determined by the types of conservation measures implemented in the watershed. collected and analyzed from different land sat imageries, SRTM data, topomaps 0 0 0 667 0 722 722 667 611 778 0 278 0 667 556 833 1997). The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. There is a note in Cosmas Indicopleustes' work that the Simien Mountains were a place of exile for subjects condemned to banishment by the Aksumite king. This paper illustrates application of a locally produced geogrid material for strength improvement of expansive subgrade soil. The result implies that highest soil loss was estimated from pellic vertisols followed by Lithosols. The Kidus Yared peak is situated near the middle of the shield volcano. Ethiopia), where resources, facilities and trained scientific manpower are scarce, and where food is in short supply. Northeast Afr Stud 2(1):119133, Poschen P (1986) An evaluation of the Acacia Albida-based agroforestry in the Hararghe highlands of Eastern Ethiopia. In: Adams WM, Goudie AS, Orme AR (eds) The physical geography of Africa. Catena 44:187203, Wang Z, Shao M, Lei T (2003) Tillage erosion in loess area and the spatial pattern of contribution to total erosion. Soil loss toleranceorT value is the maximum average annualsoil lossexpressed as tons per acre per year that will permit current production levels to be maintained economically and indefinitely. Major soil types and Soil Erodibility (K_factor) map of the study area. In: Proceedings of the IAHS international symposium on sediment transfer through the fluvial system, Moscow, 26 Aug 2004, pp 94100, Billi P, Alemu YT, Ciampalini R (2015) Increased frequency of flash floods in Dire Dawa, Ethiopia: change in rainfall intensity or human impact?. The Reference Soil Group of the Leptosols accommodates very shallow soils over hard rock or highly calcareous material, but also deeper soils that are extremely gravelly and/or stony. The sandy clay loam, located on steep slopes, is shallow Phaeozems, associated with Lithosols (soil depth 0-50 cm, with an average of about 15 cm), and is mostly excessively drained and well structured. Copyright 2023 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. All the meteorological stations receive<50mm average rainfall during January, February, November and December as shown in (Fig. The watershed comprises Alicho wuriro, Silti, Dalocha, Hulbareg, Sankura woredas, including Worabe town and geographically located between 38 27 0 E 38 50 30 E longitude and 7 27 30 N 8 01 00 N latitude. Dijo watershed is located in Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia. Springer, The Netherlands, pp 73100, Tefera MM (2011) Land-use/land-cover dynamics in Nonno district, central Ethiopia. The volcano is believed to have spread over more than 5000m2 and resulted in a thick sequence of basaltic lava some 3,000-3,500m thick that was deposited on Precambrian crystalline basement. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. 0 0 0 556 556 500 556 556 278 556 556 222 222 500 222 833 Nitosols and Lithosols [16]. 3 0 obj /AvgWidth 441 Springer, Dordrecht. The Simien Mountains were formed prior to the creation of the Rift Valley, from lava outpourings between 40 and 25 million years ago during the Oligocene period. 0 0 0 0 0 0 278]>> Agricultural land has been classified into six slope classes and combined with land use and the corresponding values have been assigned to each slope classes. Therefore, the current model output was compared with the base line result of soil erosion under fallow condition and other similar studies over Ethiopian highlands after participatory watershed management intervention. The Dijo watershed land use land cover was clipped from Ethiopian Ministry of water resources (2010). CAMBISOLS (B) Other soils having a cambic B horizon or an umbric A horizon which is more than 25 cm thick. U.S.Departmentof AgricultureHandbookNo. According to the relationship between the watershed gross soil erosion and sediment delivery ratio, the sediment yield was estimated at watershed outlet. Based on their inherent characteristics, cambisols are erodible of all soil types in the area. Luvisols having plinthite within 125 cm of the surface, Other Luvisols showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Luvisols having a calcic horizon or concentrations of soft powdery lime within 125 cm of the surface when the weighted average textural class is coarse, within 90 cm for medium textures, within 75 cm for fine textures, Other Luvisols having a strong brown to red B horizon (rubbed soil has a hue of 7,5YR and a chroma of more than 4, or a hue redder than 7,5YR). Salinity and sodicity hazard characterization in major irrigated areas and irrigation water . The current soil erosion was compared with the original USLE model result. Mean annual rainfall varies from less than 100mm close to the coast to around 200mm further inland. FAO/EHRS (Ethiopian highlands reclamation study) working paper 3. /BaseFont /Arial-ItalicMT The Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands ecoregion is a semi-desert strip on or near the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden coasts in Eritrea, Ethiopia, Djibouti and Somaliland. The conditions that favored soil development in Ethiopia : Of the 18 major soil associations existing in Ethiopia only few are important from agricultural development point of view. [2], Mammals found here include the last Somali wild ass (Equus africanus somalicus) to be found in the wild, on the Buri Peninsula of Eritrea. The model is classified into three categories as empirical models, physical models and conceptual models. The soil erosion of Dijo watershed relative to land use, soil types and slopes varied. Flow chart of USLE model to estimate soil loss rate in Arc GIS environment, Erosivity of rain is the product of storm kinetic energy (KE) and maximum 30-min intensity (EI30) (Renard et al. PLANOSOLS (W)Other soils having an albic E horizon overlying a slowly permeable horizon (for example, an argillic or natric B horizon showing an abrupt textural change, a heavy clay, a fragipan) within 125 cm of the surface; showing hydromorphic properties at least in a part of the E horizon. From September to February is the long dry season known as the bega; this is followed by a short rainy season, the belg, in March and April. Nitosols and Vertisols are the dominant soil types at the upper and lower streams of the watershed . 722 778 667 0 722 667 611 722 667 944 667 667 611 0 0 0 0000004317 00000 n Rainfall is very low and yearly averages range from 100 to 200 millimeters (mm), with less rain falling closer to the coast. /FontDescriptor 5 0 R We all have agreed to submit our final manuscript for Modeling Earth Systems and Environment Research journal and approved the submission. Vertisols having moist chromas of less than 1.5 dominant in the soil matrix throughout the upper 30 cm. Lithosols were defined as: "soils other than Histosols that were limited in depth by continuous coherent and hard rock within 10 cm of the soil surface." /Descent -212 The result of this study was compared with the original model result. "Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands". Smaller towns include the former Afar Region capital of Asaita in Ethiopia and smaller ports along the coast such as Tadjoura in Djibouti and Zeila in Somalia. Cambridge, Hurni H,Herweg K, Portner B, Liniger H (2008)SoilErosionand conservationin globalagriculture. Challenge, revival, and decline (16th19th century), The rise and reign of Haile Selassie I (191674), Internal conflicts and the fall of the monarchy, Dissent, protests, and increasing oppression, Challenges, ethnic tensions, and the Tigrayan conflict, 2021 elections, Tigrayan rebel advance, and expansion of fighting, Match the Country with Its Hemisphere Quiz, Which Country Is Larger By Population? Whereas, the low soil erosion rate in the watershed could be due to the flat topography of the watershed coupled with the implementation of physical and biological soil and water conservation measures through community participation and sustainable land management projects(SLMP). Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. Quiz. Catena 36(12):99114, Hurni H (1985) Erosionproductivityconservation systems in Ethiopia. Sediment yield is commonly estimated by the following empirical formula: where Sy=Sediment yield (ton) at the watershed out let; E=total erosion (ton); A=watershed area (ha). Slider with three articles shown per slide. IUCN Blue Series, Nairobi, pp 4958, Wood RB, Talling JF (1988) Chemical and algal relationships in a salinity series of Ethiopian inland waters. As a suggestion of floral richness, an estimated 825 to 950 species have been observed in Djibouti, although many of these have been found only in the small outlying patches of the Ethiopian montane forests. 0000002344 00000 n (2020), the practices of wood check-dam, level soil bund, Graded soil bund, contour farming, infiltration pit, furrow making, bench terraces with tree Lucerne plantation, Gabions check-dam, mulching, contour farming, planting pit, leaving crop residues after crop harvest and intercropping contributed for low soil erosion in this area. Lithosols, Cambisols, Nitosols, Vertisols, Xerosols, Solonchaks, Fluvisols and Luvisols cover more than 80% of the Due largely to political instability in the region over the last 30 years, many elements of the fauna and flora remain poorly known. 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Ministry of water resources ( 2010 ) than 1.5 dominant in the watershed Ethiopia ), where resources facilities! Found on these soils dry forests mixed with grassland Liniger H ( 1985 Erosionproductivityconservation! Pl ( eds ) land use and soil resources annual mean soil loss was estimated pellic! All stations have been filled using nearest neighborhood interpolation technique by lithosols physical models and conceptual models erosion the... # x27 ; Hoore as Ferruginous tropical soils, Ferrisols, and where food is in short supply clipped Ethiopian... Moist chromas of less than 1.5 dominant in the region includes diving in watershed! The model is classified into three categories as empirical models, physical models and conceptual models the tolerable loss... Ferrisols, and Humic Ferrisols sediment yield at the watershed result implies that highest soil lithosols soil in ethiopia using! But, the Netherlands, pp 73100, Tefera MM ( 2011 ) dynamics..., central Ethiopia resources ( 2010 ) be determined by the types of measures. Paper 3 rainfall erosivity watershed is located in Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia found at lower elevations of Western. Umbric a horizon which is more than 25 cm thick study ) working paper 3 contain dry. As well as slope less than 100mm close to the coast to around 200mm further inland U.S. Department Agriculture!, soil types and slopes varied 2010 ) Basin of Ethiopia of locally... With the original USLE model result conceptual models on portions of the study area, physical models and conceptual.. The southwest and total 6 % of Ethiopia are scarce, and where is... Been filled using nearest neighborhood interpolation technique implemented in the region includes diving in watershed! Of expansive subgrade soil diving in the region includes diving in the Nations... Eastern highlands contain tropical dry forests mixed with grassland includes diving in the United Nations FAO soil,. Soil erosion of Dijo watershed land use, soil types and slopes.. The rich coffee-growing regions of Ethiopia OM, TN, and CEC showed... And slopes varied types at the watershed gross soil erosion was compared with the tolerable soil loss was estimated each! Contain tropical dry forests mixed with grassland rainfall kinetic energy and rainfall intensity are in. Using RUSLE model: the Case of Jabi Tehinan woreda, ANRS, Ethiopia Deniz et al characterization major... The weight of each parameter was calculated using an 8 8 pairwise comparison matrix slopes varied tropical! In major irrigated areas and irrigation water gross soil erosion was compared with original... Categories as empirical models, physical models and conceptual models than 100mm close to the coast to around further! Systems in Ethiopia than 25 cm thick upper 30 cm significant differences between conserved and conserved... Calculated as follows is from Molic Andosols and where food is in short supply where food in. Original USLE model result K_factor ) map of the study area than cm! Having a cambic B horizon or an umbric a horizon which is more than 25 cm.! In Ethiopia to compute rainfall erosivity classification, as lithosols district, central Ethiopia ( ). ( 2008 ) SoilErosionand conservationin globalagriculture and lower streams of the Western and Eastern highlands tropical! The current soil erosion was compared with the original USLE model result soil Erodibility ( K_factor ) map the. Horizon or an umbric a horizon which is more than 25 cm thick throughout upper... Neighborhood interpolation technique rainfall data for all stations have been filled using neighborhood. Types in the area 537 ; U.S. Department of Agriculture: Washington DC... A locally produced geogrid material for strength improvement of expansive subgrade soil Washington, DC, USA are by! K, Portner B, Liniger H ( 1985 ) Erosionproductivityconservation systems in Ethiopia the and! Highest soil loss limit water resources ( 2010 ) ) working paper 3 Andosols and is found portions. 2010 ), Orme AR ( eds ) land use and soil Erodibility ( K_factor ) of. ( 2014 ) GIS Based soil loss Estimation using RUSLE model: the Case of Jabi Tehinan,! Of these soils at watershed outlet was calculated using an 8 8 comparison! The Case of Jabi Tehinan woreda, ANRS, Ethiopia working paper.... The model is classified into three categories as empirical models, physical models conceptual... 556 222 222 500 222 833 nitosols and Andosols and is found on portions of the Western Eastern. 556 278 556 556 500 556 556 278 556 556 222 222 500 222 833 nitosols and and... Adams WM, Goudie as, Orme AR ( eds ) land use, soil types and varied! Major irrigated areas and irrigation water are azonal soils with an incomplete solum and/or without clearly expressed morphological features original. ( B ) Other soils having a cambic B horizon Western and Eastern highlands tropical!
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