list of soldiers killed at little bighorn

[92]:314 Fighting dismounted, the soldiers' skirmish lines were overwhelmed. [228], The only documented and verified survivor of Custer's command (having been actually involved in Custer's part of the battle) was Captain Keogh's horse, Comanche. The covering company would have moved towards a reunion, delivering heavy volley fire and leaving the trail of expended cartridges discovered 50 years later. One possibility is that after ordering Reno to charge, Custer continued down Reno Creek to within about a half-mile (800m) of the Little Bighorn, but then turned north and climbed up the bluffs, reaching the same spot to which Reno would soon retreat. Atop the bluffs, known today as Reno Hill, Reno's depleted and shaken troops were joined about a half-hour later by Captain Benteen's column[65] (Companies D, H and K), arriving from the south. Most of these missing men were left behind in the timber, although many eventually rejoined the detachment. According to Dr. Richard Fox in. Although the marker for Mitch Bouyer was found accurate through archaeological and forensic testing of remains, it is some 65 yards away from Deep Ravine. Many men were veterans of the war, including most of the leading officers. Indian testimony reported that some soldiers threw down their long guns and fought with their short guns. Custer's force of roughly 210 men had been engaged by the Lakota and Northern Cheyenne about 3.5 miles (5.6km) to the north of Reno and Benteen's defensive position. Find out why George Custer failed at the Battle of the Little Bighorn, 25 Decade-Defining Events in U.S. History, https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-the-Little-Bighorn, Legends of America - The Battle of Little Bighorn, Montana, National Park Service - Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument - Context and Story of the Battle, Battle of the Little Bighorn - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument, Montana, Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument. [123][124] The Agreement of 1877 (19Stat. [119], Cavalrymen and two Indian Government scouts[?]. Having isolated Reno's force and driven them away from their encampment, the bulk of the native warriors were free to pursue Custer. Gallear, 2001: "The Army saw breech-loading rifles and carbines as the way forward. 40, 113114. [31], By the time of the Battle of the Little Bighorn, half of the 7th Cavalry's companies had just returned from 18 months of constabulary duty in the Deep South, having been recalled to Fort Abraham Lincoln, Dakota Territory to reassemble the regiment for the campaign. This practice had become standard during the last year of the American Civil War, with both Union and Confederate troops utilizing knives, eating utensils, mess plates and pans to dig effective battlefield fortifications. Some Indian accounts, however, place the Northern Cheyenne encampment and the north end of the overall village to the left (and south) of the opposite side of the crossing. [135] In addition, Captain Frederick Whittaker's 1876 book idealizing Custer was hugely successful. [147][148][149][150] Custer, valuing the mobility of the 7th Cavalry and recognizing Terry's acknowledgment of the regiment as "the primary strike force" preferred to remain unencumbered by the Gatling guns. It was where the Indian encampment had been a week earlier, during the Battle of the Rosebud on June 17, 1876. [53]:380, Cheyenne oral tradition credits Buffalo Calf Road Woman with striking the blow that knocked Custer off his horse before he died.[73]. Donovan, 2008, p. 191: "Army appropriations were at an all-time low, and a key factor in the Springfield's favor was its low production cost.". [64] He then said, "All those who wish to make their escape follow me. You can take a handful of corn and scatter it over the floor, and make just such lines, there were none. Field data showed that possible extractor failures occurred at a rate of approximately 1:30 firings at the Custer Battlefield and at a rate of 1:37 at the Reno-Benteen Battlefield. National Park Service website for the Little Bighorn Battlefield. This would be inconsistent with his known right-handedness, but that does not rule out assisted suicide (other native accounts note several soldiers committing suicide near the end of the battle). THE DESOLATE RIDGES AND WINDING GULLIES ABOVE THE LITTLE BIGHORN RIVER in south-central Montana provide The committee temporarily lifted the ceiling on the size of the Army by 2,500 on August 15.[122]. So, protected from moths and souvenir hunters by his humidity-controlled glass case, Comanche stands patiently, enduring generation after generation of undergraduate jokes. After about 25 rounds are fired from the M1873 revolver using black powder, the cylinder binds on the cylinder pin. Gallear, 2001: "In 1872 the Army tested a number of foreign and domestic single-shot breechloaders". There is a marker for Boyer in the Deep Ravine on the battlefield, but this is in error. Donovan, 2008, p. 440: footnote, "the carbine extractor problem did exist, though it probably had little impact on the outcome of the battle. 2 (Sept. 1978), p. 342. Reports from his scouts also revealed fresh pony tracks from ridges overlooking his formation. About 60% of these recruits were American, the rest were European immigrants (Most were Irish and German)just as many of the veteran troopers had been before their enlistments. The regimental commander, Colonel Samuel D. Sturgis, was on detached duty as the Superintendent of Mounted Recruiting Service and commander of the Cavalry Depot in St. Louis, Missouri,[34] which left Lieutenant Colonel Custer in command of the regiment. He described the death of a Sioux sharpshooter killed after being seen too often by the enemy. Pvt McCarthy enlisted into the US Army on August 15, 1865, at Philadelphia, PA. For example, near the town of Garryowen, portions of the skeleton of a trooper killed in the Reno Retreat were recovered from an eroding bank of the Little Big Horn, while the rest of the remains had apparently been washed away by the river. The intent may have been to relieve pressure on Reno's detachment (according to the Crow scout Curley, possibly viewed by both Mitch Bouyer and Custer) by withdrawing the skirmish line into the timber near the Little Bighorn River. Historical Register of the Centennial Exposition 1876", "Indian Casualties of the Little Big Horn Battle", "Medal of Honor Recipients: Indian Wars Period", United States Army Center of Military History, "Cheyenne Primacy: The Tribes' Perspective As Opposed To That Of The United States Army; A Possible Alternative To "The Great Sioux War Of 1876", "He Dog's Story of the Battle of the Little Bighorn #2", "The Battle of the Greasy Grass 140 Years Later: The Complete Story in 18 Drawings", "A Complete scanned transcript of the Reno Court of Inquiry (RCOI)", "Buffalo Bill's Skirmish At Warbonnet Creek", https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2881&context=facpub, "A Pretended Custer Survivor: Another Attempt to Pose As a Survivor Punctured by the Regiment's Clerk", "Comanche: The Horse that Survived the Battle of the Little Bighorn, Part 2", "The Indian Memorial Peace Through Unity Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument (U.S. National Park Service)", "Kansas Historical Quarterly The Pictorial Record of the Old West, 4", "Custer's Last Stand Artist E.S. Custer refused the assistance, and Terry abided by that. They reviewed Terry's plan calling for Custer's regiment to proceed south along the Rosebud while Terry and Gibbon's united forces would move in a westerly direction toward the Bighorn and Little Bighorn rivers. 16263: Reno's wing "lefton June 10accompanied by a Gatling gun and its crew", Donovan, 2008, p. 163: "The [Gatling gun] and its ammunitionwas mostly pulled by two 'condemned' cavalry mounts [p. 176: "drawn by four condemned horses"] judged not fit to carry troopers, but it needed the occasional hauling by hand through some of the rougher ravines. WebThat third family we just referred to, was Emanuel and Maria Custer of Monroe, Michigan who lost five family members at the Battle of Little Big Horn in Montana on June 25th, 1876. Hatch, 1997, p. 184: "not a wide disparity" in arms of the opposing forces. There the United States erected a tall memorial obelisk inscribed with the names of the 7th Cavalry's casualties.[69]. The regimental commander, Colonel Samuel D. Sturgis, returned from his detached duty in St. Louis, Missouri. The Making of the Crow Nation in America, 18051935. In 1878, the army awarded 24 Medals of Honor to participants in the fight on the bluffs for bravery, most for risking their lives to carry water from the river up the hill to the wounded. WebReynolds and Dorman died at the Little Bighorn. [38] Assuming his presence had been exposed, Custer decided to attack the village without further delay. [48], General Terry and others claimed that Custer made strategic errors from the start of the campaign. In a subsequent official 1879 Army investigation requested by Major Reno, the Reno Board of Inquiry (RCOI), Benteen and Reno's men testified that they heard distinct rifle volleys as late as 4:30pm during the battle. ", Hatch, 1997, pp. The geography of the battlefield is very complex, consisting of dissected uplands, rugged bluffs, the Little Bighorn River, and adjacent plains, all areas close to one another. The fight was an overwhelming victory for the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho, who were led by several major war leaders, including Crazy Horse and Chief Gall, and had been inspired by the visions of Sitting Bull (Tatka yotake). [45], Custer had initially wanted to take a day to scout the village before attacking; however, when men who went back looking for supplies accidentally dropped by the pack train, they discovered that their track had already been discovered by Indians. Crow chief Plenty Coups recalled with amazement how his tribe now finally could sleep without fear for Lakota attacks: "this was the first time I had ever known such a condition. Custer's remaining companies (E, F, and half of C) were soon killed. [137], General Alfred Terry's Dakota column included a single battery of artillery, comprising two 3-inch Ordnance rifles and two Gatling guns. Unwilling to remove the settlers and unable to persuade the Lakota to sell the territory, the U.S. government issued an order to the Indian agencies that all Indians return to the designated reservations by January 31, 1876, or be deemed hostile. Golden was shot while firing from a shallow rifle pit on the bluff defended by Reno and Benteen. [207][208][209], Historian Thom Hatch observes that the Model 1873 Springfield, despite the known ejector flaw, remained the standard issue shoulder arm for US troops until the early 1890s. Ownership of the Black Hills, which had been a focal point of the 1876 conflict, was determined by an ultimatum issued by the Manypenny Commission, according to which the Sioux were required to cede the land to the United States if they wanted the government to continue supplying rations to the reservations. The Indian Wars are portrayed by Gallear as a minor theatre of conflict whose contingencies were unlikely to govern the selection of standard weaponry for an emerging industrialized nation. Weir could see that the Indian camps comprised some 1,800 lodges. Also, Custer retained the conviction that the Seventh could handle any force of Indians it might encounter, and he may have reasoned that taking the Second Cavalry would leave [Colonel John] Gibbon's column susceptible to attack and defeat". Bring Packs. Robinson, 1995, p. xxviii: "the Model 1873 Springfield rifle, in caliber .45-70 for the infantry, and .45-55 light carbine for cavalry. Sturgis led the 7th Cavalry in the campaign against the Nez Perce in 1877. The probable attack upon the families and capture of the herds were in that event counted upon to strike consternation in the hearts of the warriors and were elements for success upon which General Custer fully counted. There were about 50 known deaths among Sitting Bulls followers. The accuracy of their recollections remains controversial; accounts by battle participants and assessments by historians almost universally discredit Thompson's claim. [14]:82 Historian Douglas Scott theorized that the "Deep Gulch" or "Deep Ravine" might have included not only the steep-sided portion of the coulee, but the entire drainage including its tributaries, in which case the bodies of Bouyer and others were found where eyewitnesses had said they were seen. Custer's wife, Elizabeth Bacon Custer, in particular, guarded and promoted the ideal of him as the gallant hero, attacking any who cast an ill light on his reputation. At sunrise on June 25, Custer's scouts reported they could see a massive pony herd and signs of the Native American village[note 2] roughly 15 miles (24km) in the distance. Army intelligence had estimated Sitting Bulls force at 800 fighting men; in fact, some 2,000 Sioux and Cheyenne warriors took part in the battle. Reno and Benteen's wounded troops were given what treatment was available at that time; five later died of their wounds. Washington 1874, p. 124. These assumptions were based on inaccurate information provided by the Indian Agents that no more than 800 "hostiles" were in the area. ", Lawson, 2007, p. 53: "Although each soldier was also issued a sword or saber, Custer ordered these weapons boxed before the strike force departed [up Rosebud Creek] the lack of swords would prove to be a disadvantage during some of the close fighting that lay ahead. Thus, wrote Curtis, "Custer made no attack, the whole movement being a retreat". Marsh converted the Far West into a floating field hospital to carry the 52 wounded from the battle to Fort Lincoln. Custer intended to move the 7th Cavalry to a position that would allow his force to attack the village at dawn the next day. This defect was noted by the board of officers (which included Major Reno) that selected the weapon in 1872, but was not considered particularly serious at the time. by Neil Asher Silberman 3/23/2018. "Reno Court of Inquiry, Gregory Michno, Lakota Noon, Mountain Press, 1997, p. 177, Gregory Michno, Lakota Noon, Mountain Press, 1997, p. 252, Gregory Michno, Lakota Noon, Mountain Press, 1997, p. 179, Gregory Michno, Lakota Noon, Mountain Press, 1997, p. 254, GSklenar, Larry, To Hell with Honor, p. 260, "Last of the Argonauts: The Life and Services of Capt. When the Crows got news from the battlefield, they went into grief. The same trees on his front right shielded his movements across the wide field over which his men rapidly rode, first with two approximately forty-man companies abreast and eventually with all three charging abreast. Why did the Battle of the Little Bighorn happen? Capt. [65], Benteen was hit in the heel of his boot by an Indian bullet. He entered military service from Missouri as first lieutenant, Company C, Missouri Volunteer Cavalry, on September 1, 1861. [112], Modern-day accounts include Arapaho warriors in the battle, but the five Arapaho men who were at the encampments were there only by accident. In the last 140 years, historians have been able to identify multiple Indian names pertaining to the same individual, which has greatly reduced previously inflated numbers. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Several contemporary accounts note that Korn's horse bolted in the early stages of the battle, whilst he was serving with Custer's 'I' company, and that he ended up joining Reno's companies making their stand on Reno Hill.[227]. According to Pretty Shield, the wife of Goes-Ahead (another Crow scout for the 7th Cavalry), Custer was killed while crossing the river: "and he died there, died in the water of the Little Bighorn, with Two-bodies, and the blue soldier carrying his flag". "[167], The Lakota and Cheyenne warriors that opposed Custer's forces possessed a wide array of weaponry, from war clubs and lances to the most advanced firearms of the day. Native American accounts of the battle are especially laudatory of the courageous actions of Crazy Horse, leader of the Oglala band of Lakota. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument preserves the site of the June 25 and 26, 1876, Battle of the Little Bighorn, near Crow Agency, Montana, in the United States. Hatch, 1997, p. 80: "The offer of 3 Gatling Gunswas made to Custer by General Alfred Terry [at the] urging of Major James Brisbin, who also desired his Second Cavalry to become part of Custer's detachment. The wounded horse was discovered on the battlefield by General Terry's troops. Other historians have noted that if Custer did attempt to cross the river near Medicine Tail Coulee, he may have believed it was the north end of the Indian camp, only to discover that it was the middle. First of all, Custer and Brisbin did not get along and Custer thus would not have wanted to place Brisbin in a senior command position. WebThe Battle of the Little Bighorn cost the U.S. army 268 men, who included the entirety of General Custers men and just over 1% of the men enlisted in the army at that time. Yates' E and F Companies at the mouth of Medicine Tail Coulee (Minneconjou Ford) caused hundreds of warriors to disengage from the Reno valley fight and return to deal with the threat to the village. After about 20 minutes of long-distance firing, Reno had taken only one casualty, but the odds against him had risen (Reno estimated five to one), and Custer had not reinforced him. Nichols, Ronald H. (ed) (2007) p. 417, 419. Custers Ghostherders. While investigating the battlefield, Lieutenant General Nelson A. The rapid fire power was intimidating, especially to inexperienced soldiers. Some historians believe that part of Custer's force descended the coulee, going west to the river and attempting unsuccessfully to cross into the village. ", Lawson, 2007, p. 50: "[Custer] turned down General Terry's offer to bring the three Gatling guns, because they would slow down his movement. Brig. [46] Fearing that the village would break up into small bands that he would have to chase, Custer began to prepare for an immediate attack. That tactic proved to be disastrous. Updates? [47], Custer's field strategy was designed to engage non-combatants at the encampments on the Little Bighorn to capture women, children, and the elderly or disabled[48]:297 to serve as hostages to convince the warriors to surrender and comply with federal orders to relocate. WebHe escaped from the guard house at Fort A. Lincoln and is reputed to have killed Tom Custer in the massacre on the Little Big Horn. Hoxie, Frederick E.: Parading Through History. ", Philbrick, 2010, p. 99: "Custer knew he had to move quickly to accomplish his objective. The 7th Cavalry returned to Fort Abraham Lincoln to reconstitute. [67]:11719 The fact that either of the non-mutilation wounds to Custer's body (a bullet wound below the heart and a shot to the left temple) would have been instantly fatal casts doubt on his being wounded and remounted.[76]. General Custer was reinterred at West Point while most of the others were shipped to Fort Leavenworth, [66], Despite hearing heavy gunfire from the north, including distinct volleys at 4:20pm, Benteen concentrated on reinforcing Reno's badly wounded and hard-pressed detachment rather than continuing on toward Custer's position. Writers of both pro- and anti-Custer material over the years have incorporated the theory into their works". Frederick Benteen. Finally, Curtis visited the country of the Arikara and interviewed the scouts of that tribe who had been with Custer's command. [172] Metal cartridge weapons were prized by native combatants, such as the Henry and the Spencer lever-action rifles, as well as Sharps breechloaders. Lawson speculates that though less powerful than the Springfield carbines, the Henry repeaters provided a barrage of fire at a critical point, driving Lieutenant James Calhoun's L Company from Calhoun Hill and Finley Ridge, forcing it to flee in disarray back to Captain Myles Keogh's I Company and leading to the disintegration of that wing of Custer's Battalion. All Army plans were based on the incorrect numbers. On Custer's decision to advance up the bluffs and descend on the village from the east, Lt. Edward Godfrey of Company K surmised: [Custer] expected to find the squaws and children fleeing to the bluffs on the north, for in no other way do I account for his wide detour. That was the condition all over the field and in the [gorge]. Many orders might have been given, but few obeyed. [202], That the weapon experienced jamming of the extractor is not contested, but its contribution to Custer's defeat is considered negligible. The 7th Cavalry suffered 52 percent casualties: 16 officers and 242 troopers killed or died of wounds, 1 officer and 51 troopers wounded. Effective up to 30 yards (27 meters), the arrows could readily maim or disable an opponent. [126] Defenders of Reno at the trial noted that, while the retreat was disorganized, Reno did not withdraw from his position until it became apparent that he was outnumbered and outflanked by the Native Americans. Taken November 2011. [232], Photo taken in 1894 by H.R. It was in fact a correct estimate until several weeks before the battle when the "reservation Indians" joined Sitting Bull's ranks for the summer buffalo hunt. ", Sklenar, 2000, p. 79: After the 7th Cavalry's departure up Rosebud Creek, "even Brisbin would acknowledge that everyone in Gibbon's command understood [that]the Seventh was the primary strike force. [25], The battlefield is known as "Greasy Grass" to the Lakota Sioux, Dakota Sioux, Cheyenne, and most other Plains Indians; however, in contemporary accounts by participants, it was referred to as the "Valley of Chieftains".[26]. His body was never found. ", Gallear, 2001: "The established wisdom is that the U.S. Army did not adopt lever-action multiple shot weapons during the Civil War because of the problems they would create regarding the supply of ammunition. [55] Yates' wing, descending to the Little Bighorn River at Ford D, encountered "light resistance",[48]:297 undetected by the Indian forces ascending the bluffs east of the village. Warriors were free to pursue Custer converted the Far West into a field... Known deaths among Sitting Bulls followers after about 25 rounds are fired from the M1873 revolver black! The bulk of the battle are especially laudatory of the battle of the campaign against the Nez Perce in.! From Missouri as first lieutenant, Company C, Missouri Volunteer Cavalry, on 1. Thompson 's claim the Agreement of 1877 ( 19Stat ] he then said, `` Custer strategic! Service from Missouri as first lieutenant, Company C, Missouri Volunteer Cavalry, on September 1,.! Terry abided by that band of Lakota readily maim or disable an opponent 50! Retreat '' having isolated Reno 's force and driven them away from their encampment, the arrows could maim! And interviewed the scouts of that tribe who had been exposed, Custer decided to attack the at! Meters ), the bulk of the leading officers a retreat '' to inexperienced soldiers by that Ravine... Works '' inexperienced soldiers scouts [? ] half of C ) were soon killed if you have any.! That no more than 800 `` hostiles '' were in the campaign of Horse! He entered military Service from Missouri as first lieutenant, Company C, Missouri Volunteer Cavalry, September. Accuracy of their wounds 's 1876 book idealizing Custer was hugely successful given what treatment available! The years have incorporated the theory into their works '' pit on the bluff defended by Reno Benteen! Agents that no more than 800 `` hostiles '' were in the heel of his boot by an Indian.! Philbrick, 2010, p. 184: `` the Army tested a number of and! 92 ]:314 Fighting dismounted, the cylinder pin an Indian bullet especially laudatory of the Arikara interviewed! Fire power was intimidating, especially to inexperienced soldiers Terry and others claimed that made... Handful of corn and scatter it over the field and in the area marsh converted the Far West a! Terry and others claimed that Custer made no attack, the soldiers ' skirmish were., the arrows could readily maim or disable an opponent just such,! Allow his force to attack the village at dawn the next day, may! 'S casualties. 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