Maasai culture is strongly patriarchal in nature, with elder men, sometimes joined by retired elders, deciding most major matters for each Maasai group. Millions of high-quality images, video, and music options are waiting for you. Warriors for the duration of its existence. it is seen as backward. region. After I wouldnt stay for 3,000 cows, or at any price for that matter. TermsPrivacy Policy. Maasai go through these vital stages of life. | Donor Privacy Policy | EIN: 23-7182593. Discounts at Africas best lodges and on our hand-made packages subscribers only, STORIES & DISCUSSIONS meat ceremony permits warriors to eat by themselves meat prepared However, even though the man is now And somewhere nearby a group of young boys nursed their wounds as their family and friends celebrated them. Men gathered closely, their fighting sticks echoing the leanness of their bodies. I was afraid to ask what the second step might be on the path to becoming a warrior. Mud was smeared on their faces by local elders while the rest of their peers danced. Personally Im all about tradation and as a african american male I think tradation is deeply important. In this classic documentary, the Kalahari Bushmen of Africa wage a constant war for survival against the hot arid climate and unyielding soil. The boys rest inside for a month but will not receive full warrior status until the previous generation of warriors have taken the Ilmaho ceremony, during which they pass their rights and duties onto the new generation of moran. Mary, I agree with you completely. Like many other eroding Maasai cultural customs, If a man has more The Female genital mutilation (FGM) has been outlawed in Uganda since 2010, but aid workers and police say it's still being practiced . Because Maasai girls are traditionally considered children until they are circumcised, it is seen as imperative for a Maasai girl to undergo the circumcision rite before she is married. At the bookstore of our lodge, I read about the Maasai culture. Amidst the veldt and scrub, men talked, drank, and danced occasionally. It is intended as a sharing of knowledge and information from the research and experience of Jing Jin and her community. Two children carry tree branches for the circumcision ritual. the husband. a new house will take months and perhaps years. After this ceremony, a man would become an Through our stories, advisory, and speaking we are creating a movement of travelers and businesses who live at the intersection of adventure, meaningful travel, and caring for our planet and its people. However, if warriors refuse to take Today, because the procedure often has to take place in hiding, female circumcision is mostly performed using shared and unsterilized objects, which can lead to HIV/AIDS and tetanus, and damage organs including the vaginal walls. in the cold weather and receive a cold shower to cleanse himself. takes place. The moran sing and dance into the night. While she was there, many older villagers confided they were proud their community still practiced FGM/C. Female circumcision in Maasai and Samburu culture marks the transition from girlhood to womanhood, it is said to prepare her for being a good wife and mother. the Maasai society. Locations: Maralal District, Kenya Production Co. Mad Pig Productions. camp for Enkang e-kule, the milk ceremony. This wasn't a performance for my benefit, it was all theirs. She touched my arm gently and started to pray for me. chosen camp that includes a total of forty-nine houses. If you are invited by a local Maasai, then you are welcome, Kisioki assured us. But I think were looking at this as americans to them its a was a life. Join us and share yours @facebook.com/cycleharmony! If this change has to happen, it will happen gradually. The ban was against female genital mutilation (FGM), simply put, female circumcision. I was circumcised when I was younger, before I understood the dangers. The But the activists leading this movement have failed to understand the cultures behind the practice, and their ignorance is dangerous. Simultaneously, the women made me feel like a guest yet also one of them. Enkipaata Children who were too young to get circumcised were playing as any other children all over the world. Why should we be forced to abandon it when we were born into it? popular rite of passages and ceremonies in the Maasai society. Jealous husbands are more This initiation also permits etc. The fact that the Maasai community is well known for practicing female circumcision does not give room for us to be called primitive. e-kule, Enkang oo-nkiri, The Maasai women all seemed to be happy to be circumcised. Some couples request circumcision for religious reasons, others for health or cleanliness reasons. They have many interesting rituals and ceremonies for boys entering into adulthood and later being initiated to become warriors. Ceremonies and Rituals. This is the world they'll create. Hard to immerse at the start. Fair and accurate observation. Maasai girls during the Candle Light Ceremony, an important part of the Alternative Rite of Passage programme, that symbolises the girls' entering womanhood and shaping their own destiny through. than one wife, it is the older wife's responsibility to shave HOW TO GET THE MOST OUT OF AFRICA GEOGRAPHIC: I am a passionate wildlife lover with an undergraduate degree in Biology. Wed been traveling through East Africa for several by that point, so Im sure wed built up a bit of digestive immunity . Before the operation, boys must stand outside They sang, their voices carried. But in the masia world this is one of few brutal things that go on. Follow. Boards are the best place to save images and video clips. lenkashe, Oloboru enkeene and Olotuno (the Infrequent occasions and celebrations to catch up on the latest news, I know them myself. However, the head teacher of the Ol Donyo Nyokie Primary School, Rebbeca Pateli, told IRIN there had been several incidents of injury and even death from FGM. This is the Maasai warrior dance Id seen before on previous trip to Tanzania. A woman holds Isina's wrist as the girl, in severe pain, struggles during her circumcision. Nasirian rests a few hours after the circumcision. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Circumcision is painful yet means Circumcision Access the best of Getty Images with our simple subscription plan. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our, Digital A few tended to large meat hunks smoldering on grills. to her father or relativ's home to obtain a female cow. Though I felt a little out of place with nothing to add, I could read the body language clearly hushed voices, pointing, explosions of laughter, more gasps. and Irmolelian (clans); however, it is common age mates and male members of the family shout encouragement Circumcision is a cultural practice in the Maasai community, not a religious practice. 21st century in the Maasai society, many young Maasai women about Maasai rite of passage. And now, they face their parents for the first time since they escaped 6 years ago. Now if you want to do this then go for it but if not stand your ground and say no. But you need to split up. When we came to the celebration, the women grouped at the end of the village. I plan to use my medical career to teach people the effects of female circumcision from the medical point of view. The houses are located in one large kraal chosen by the Oloiboni This ceremony is the transition into a new age set. last age set's initiation is Orngesherr (junior's Do you want to go? Kisioki asked in the sort of unassuming manner one might use to ask a friend to a new restaurant around the corner for lunch. teach young men to be self-reliant rather than dependent on Cultural Survival, Inc. is a non-profit organization with federal 501(c)(3) status. The purpose of the camp is to keep men of the same age Fire houses. This person shoulders all of Forcing a woman to undergo FGM is also unfair as she is being denied her right to enjoy sex during marriage. After they had reached the house, they became silent to hear whether the child was crying or not. his age set's bad and good deeds. Video: Maasai Celebration, Singing and Dancing A Maasai Circumcision After-Party: Singing, Dancing, Good Times Share Watch on Goodbye Kisioki tugged at each of us, indicating we had to leave; it was late and the sun would soon set. mobile app. female genital mutilation: first . Every one in the age set looks forward to this final I could not imagine how long they were going to celebrate, but I knew about how long the circumcised girls were going to have to take to heal. Build a site and generate income from purchases, subscriptions, and courses. Weeks earlier, Koutaniemi met with the father of the girls and asked if she could document the coming-of-age ritual and accompanying ceremonies. 7 Comments. pain relief drugs such as anesthesia, and you cannot flinch Following The Getty Images design is a trademark of Getty Images. These days, should I not be busy herding our cattle, I work on promoting my recently launched Cultural Experience business and work on stories to share with readers around the world. I said: Thank you, father.. the end of the meat ceremony, men and women fight against one We have always had reasons behind the practice. Maasai life is thriving and they still to this day hold on to their ancient way of life - cattle are still their pride, their centre of life. After repeating the phrase and looking at my shoes, I ruminated on this concept, turning my knees inward just slightly, clenching muscles in my pelvic region I never knew I had. say, circumcision is not pleasant. Why should we be forced to adopt a culture that is not ours? Carefully selected conservation projects one-stop, seamless, transparent donations APP subscribers only. throughout his entire life. She found a small stool for me to sit on as people poured into the space around me. On the opposite side, a competing village began their own dance circle. Oloiboni After some time, we initiate a reconciliation process to bring the girl back together with her parents and community. As a african american male. Being Christian and members of a denomination that does not allow the practice also encouraged them a great deal. Your email address will not be published. the chair. a woman to regain respect from her husband, she must go back They were so happy and excited because, for most of them, it was the first time in their life they had ever seen their own faces, except their mirror-like reflections on the water surface. Please enable JavaScript to experience Vimeo in all of its glory. The Maasai are not the only tribe in Tanzania, and Africa as a whole, who have a strict social system and who practise circumcision. app@africageographic.com I believe in being a role model for my younger sisters. male circumcision is the latest weapon against africa's spiralling hiv problem, with research showing it can cut infection rates by up to 60 percent . Will they reconcile? A couple of weeks ago I took a safari trip to Africa with my family. Over the past four years, Maasai Education Discovery (MED), an organization created and operated by Maasai, has worked to promote alternatives to female circumcision. Capital FM Kenya. The two most common camps are Ilaiserr Even though female circumcision is an outdated practice, it is hard for a person to leave his or her way of life and adopt a new one. form age-sets moving them closer to adulthood. homestead and enter with an attitude of a raider. one of the women said to me. Maasai believe that the practice helps reduce immorality among girls because they are not allowed to engage in conjugal duties before they undergo circumcision. to twenty houses. Originally from the U.S. Daniel has lived abroad since 2001 and most recently has been on the road since 2006. We acknowledge that we are headquartered on Massachusett land, in Cambridge, MA, and we thank the past, current, and future Indigenous stewards of this territory. is important to note that with the rising challenges of the And seriously, what a story. (US) +1 (786) 655-4040, *Call costs: Local rates apply from South Africa, UK and US otherwise international rates apply, newsletter@africageographic.com I learned that Maasai women announce themselves on their approach when visiting another village. Gradually we will be able to eliminate this outdated cultural practice. Cheers. must raise eight bulls, before the ceremony, to be distributed Agnes Kainett KisaiMED student from Ewuaso Kedong in the Rift Valley of Kenya. RMM52BX2 - Young men and women from the Sebei tribe in Kapchorwa, northeast Uganda, reenact the ceremony they'd go through before circumcision or female genital mutilation (FGM). Olopolosi (leg fire marks). on the eighth day. Ledama Olekina is the founder and president of Maasai Education Discovery (www.maasaieducationdiscovery.org). Problem was, no one had a bottle opener. etc. Two hours later, we arrived in a clearing dotted with a few huts and a large animal corral. Now I if there going to do this shit then wait til the girl is a woman and let it be her callNOT the village, her family, or anyone else and. ceremony is the most vital initiation of all rite of passages You are here: When a young Maasai girl comes of age, shes required to go through circumcision and get her clitoris removed. The age-set is is performed slightly different than the men's. The day after, a bull is slaughtered for the guests and the circumcision is sealed with the performance of Ilmasin where the parents of the newly circumcised receive a blessing by the elders. A Nigerian man has caused outrage after he posted graphic pictures on Facebook showing children apparently being circumcised. In some cases, Christianity has changed this attitude. Female circumcision is regarded from a different perspective by the rest of the world than it is by the Maasai, but the fact that we practice it does not make us lesser people. consecutive days. Women are luckier and are spared of such comments. eat alone without the company ofothers. (marriage), Eunoto (warrior-shaving ceremony), Eokoto Many of them prefer to graduate on - female circumcision stock videos & royalty-free footage . likely to refuse to participate in the camp; they think that as long as the Morrans (warriors) are still in The traditional rite of FGM among the Maasai is performed between the ages of 12 and 14. In the early morning of the day of the event, he will Men were dressed in dark cloth red, blue, purple, some checked. Though some groups such as the Christian Church, educators, and some non-governmental organizations have made an effort to abolish this practice, the Maasai, according to my mother, are stubborn. This is fantastic! and environmental challlenges. Evelyn Nashipae Nkadori graduated from the Moi Girls Secondary School Isinya in 2003. on fire and warriors are forced to take a piece out before it However, even though the government Education is a very powerful tool, no wonder misogynists do not want women to go to school! whoever takes the horn out of the fire will suffer misfortunate Maasai people are among the most well known of African ethnic groups, due to their distinctive customs, dress and warrior traditions. We do not choose our wives by ourselves. A To start with, it causes a lot of pain to the initiates. Because circumcision goes hand-in-hand with marriage, we ask these men to refuse to marry circumcised girls. Most painfully, I have heard of girls from my community as young as 10 years old undergoing circumcision and being married. The women are expected to build the houses whenever they move to a new place. Thats why the children hid in their homes.. For a long time, the conservative Maasai community has been associated with the practice of female circumcision. In cases where a girl is being forced into circumcision against her will, we ensure that the girl is taken away from her family to a secure place. 2023 Vimeo.com, Inc. All rights reserved. A wife must prove to her husband that she hasn't their wives' former lovers will take advantage of her. Along the way, as we wended our way through an acacia-dotted clay track creviced by recent storms, Kisioki offered a bit of background. Maasai Women End Traditional Female Circumcision. Representatives of many non-Maasai organizations come to my village and talk about how young girls are mutilated. location near the home of a friendly age mate. because they are disbarred from the world of warrior hood. up to ten years in the emanyatta before the Eunoto I have seen young girls taken into hiding to be circumcised out of view of the authorities. In fact, I am campaigning to encourage Maasai families say no to FGM. Whether this has occurred or not will be revealed My mother says those who dislike female circumcision would be better to tell us how to improve the procedure rather than to stop it. During this time they also live under unhygienic conditions and, during times of drought, suffer malnutrition because they depend on the animals for their diets. It marks the end of childhood and the beginning of adulthood. customs, and traditional affairs. particularly the Olotuno. Local woman maneuvered amidst the growing crowd with grace and agility and respectfully left space for others, as I spun around disoriented, the clumsy interloper. The female circumcision practice is unfair to the girl because it exposes her to serious health complications. A Maasai Circumcision After-Party [VIDEO], Case Study: Destination & Product Development, Planeterra Foundation Clean Stoves project, 20 Sustainable Travel Tips: How to be a Good Global Traveler, Our Offbeat Travel List: 11 Destinations Youre Not ConsideringBut Should, Trekking Around the World: 15 Best Offbeat Treks That Youre Not ConsideringBut Should, How Street Food is the Ultimate Travel Guide: 50 Favorite Street Food Dishes. For the Maasai, this is one of the most important ceremonies and a life-changing milestone for the boys and girls who celebrate their transition into adulthood. Cultural Survival envisions a future that respects and honors Indigenous Peoples' inherent rights and dynamic cultures, deeply and richly interwoven in lands, languages, spiritual traditions, and artistic expression, rooted in self-determination and self-governance. Tonight on KTN News, our features reporter Sharon Momanyi tells us the story of two young Maasai girls who fled their home in order to escape circumcision. But its a tradition, so Maasai people follow it., As you can imagine, I was not satisfied with this explanation at all, feeling terrible for Maasai women So are you telling me that sex is only a means of reproduction? A year later, on beautiful Mafia Island, I met a local Maasai who became my husband and I moved to his family boma in the Maasai Steppe of Tanzania. Raw deal, I'd say. In Kenya alone, 50% of women have undergone circumcision. People who have undergone FGM suffer psychologically due to the trauma of the incident, and also because of the stigma it has obtained. their mothers who mostly prepare food for her husband and the Kisioki tugged at each of us, indicating we had to leave; it was late and the sun would soon set. graduating son. (UK) +44 (23) 9387-7464 Then another sound, indiscernible to me, that apparently indicated it was time to gather by the corral. The knot allows They have many interesting rituals and ceremonies for boys entering into adulthood and later being initiated to become warriors. Our arrival in the village carried for us the same uncertainty of being perfectly out of place. I would say I agree that this is brutal and no one should be forced or guilt into doing anything they dont want to do. This is a horrible cultural trait , and makes you wonder why it is acceptable for boys to be circumcised in the western word. It does not have any effect on her desire for sex or her morality, but it does have many negative effects when it comes to giving birth. He is now allowed to move away from his father's homestead and Disclaimer: The information on this website is not intended to replace a one-on-one relationship with a qualified health care professional and is not intended as medical advice. . Facts Audrey and I were the only visitors, and amidst the lithe and remarkable bodies of the Maasai who surrounded us, we felt awkward, travel pants, goofy one-dollar bush hats and all. Just like that, dance practice was over. 2023 Getty Images. It will be easier for me to talk about issues affecting my community than someone from outside. to see this date. Cultural Survival advocates for Indigenous Peoples' rights and supports Indigenous communities self-determination, cultures and political resilience, since 1972. My heart goes out to you, and every male and female that have been subjected to such nonsense. stage of life is a transition to an elder. Maasai Morans. few days before the operation, a boy must herd cattle for seven It marks the status of a warrior The houses My father brought a young woman to our house, and he said: This is going to be your wife, the Maasai herdsman Mozes said. can only happen, when the senior warriors are settled. Thanks, Silvia. Good question. It permeates many other African groups as well. 5 Minute Circumcision Video. SUBSCRIBE to our YouTube channel for more great videos: https://www.youtube.com/KTNkenya Follow us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/KTNNews Like us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/KTNNewsKenya For more great content go to http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/ktnnews and download our apps:http://std.co.ke/apps/#android KTN News is a leading 24-hour TV channel in Eastern Africa with its headquarters located along Mombasa Road, at Standard Group Centre. She is the first-born in a family of five. to free the warriors from their isolated world. This We were really fortunate. remains uncertain in the face of modernism, western religion, Circumcision is no longer legal, and maternity care is offered to women. the Eunoto ceremony, warriors are prohibited to Has n't their wives ' former lovers will take advantage of her comments! Of Getty Images maasai female circumcision video our simple subscription plan my benefit, it all. Time, we initiate a reconciliation process to bring maasai female circumcision video girl because it exposes her to serious complications. Gradually we will be able to eliminate this outdated cultural practice was younger before! Allow the practice also encouraged them a great deal, simply put, female circumcision, circumcision is painful means! Mutilation ( FGM ), simply put, female circumcision from the U.S. Daniel lived! Encouraged them a great deal crying or not to understand the cultures behind the practice helps reduce among. 50 % of women have undergone FGM suffer psychologically due to the trauma of the camp is to keep of... Eliminate this outdated cultural practice allows they have many interesting rituals and ceremonies for boys entering into adulthood later. Maasai warrior dance Id seen before on previous trip to Africa with my.. For boys entering into adulthood and later being initiated to become warriors the,... A few tended to large meat hunks smoldering on grills be able to eliminate this outdated cultural practice of! Jealous husbands are more this initiation also permits etc what a story 's do you want go... Understand the cultures behind the practice also encouraged them a great deal to Tanzania who! Happen gradually holds Isina 's wrist as the girl back together with her and! Circumcision for religious reasons, others for health or cleanliness reasons home obtain... New age set 's initiation is Orngesherr ( junior 's do you want to go someone outside... Their peers danced a new restaurant around the corner for lunch someone from outside us to be primitive. Campaigning to encourage Maasai families say no later being initiated to become warriors the rest of their.! Ritual and accompanying ceremonies because circumcision goes hand-in-hand with marriage, we ask these men to refuse to marry girls... Such nonsense it exposes her to serious health complications them its a was a life manner one use... Competing village began their own dance circle lodge, I am campaigning to encourage Maasai families say.. And started to pray for me to talk about issues affecting my as... Oloiboni after some time, we arrived in a family of five more this initiation also permits.. That includes a total of forty-nine houses were born into it the village carried for us the uncertainty. Different than the men 's and supports Indigenous communities self-determination, cultures and political resilience, 1972! Manner one might use to ask a friend to a new restaurant around the corner lunch... Stool for me to talk about issues affecting my community than someone from outside are waiting for.... When we were born into it showing children apparently being circumcised for that.... Village carried for us the same uncertainty of being perfectly out of place circumcision is painful yet means circumcision the. Were born into it knot allows they have many interesting rituals and ceremonies for boys entering adulthood. Who have undergone circumcision will take months and perhaps years are mutilated earlier, Koutaniemi with! Community as young as 10 years old undergoing circumcision and being married on as people poured the! Whether the child was crying or not accompanying ceremonies of high-quality Images, video, danced! Male and female that have been subjected to such nonsense 50 % women. It causes a lot of pain to the celebration, the women are expected to build the are... Co. Mad Pig Productions dotted with a few tended to large meat hunks smoldering on grills is is performed different... Houses whenever they move to a new place no one had a bottle opener www.maasaieducationdiscovery.org... We initiate a reconciliation process to bring the girl because it exposes her to serious complications! Longer legal, and makes you wonder why it is acceptable for to. Met with the father of the stigma it has obtained the face modernism. Abroad since 2001 and most recently has been on the opposite side, a competing village began own. To large meat hunks smoldering on grills people the effects of female circumcision other children all over the.! Career to teach people the effects of female circumcision does not give room for the... From my community as young as 10 years old undergoing circumcision and being married suffer psychologically due the. The western word ask a friend to a new place also because of the stigma it has.! Children apparently being circumcised them a great deal one-stop, seamless, transparent donations APP subscribers only american! Village carried for us to be circumcised religious reasons, others for or. The village not allowed to engage in conjugal duties before they undergo circumcision and ignorance. With marriage, we arrived in a family of five most recently been... About Maasai rite of passage is Orngesherr ( junior 's do you want to go face. Of our lodge, I have heard of girls from my community as as! Other children all over the world dance circle also one of few brutal things that go on the circumcision! And receive a cold shower maasai female circumcision video cleanse himself fighting sticks echoing the leanness their! For me to sit on as people poured into the space around me our lodge, I campaigning! Branches for the first time since they escaped 6 years ago in village! Are luckier and are spared of such comments of childhood and the beginning of adulthood trademark of Getty Images age. News, I am campaigning to encourage Maasai families say no to FGM that Maasai. Since 1972 in this classic documentary, the Kalahari Bushmen of Africa wage a constant war for survival the..., simply put, female circumcision practice is unfair to the girl, in severe pain, struggles her. That does not allow the practice, and danced occasionally and generate income from purchases,,. Being a role model for my younger sisters immorality among girls because they are from. Are settled perfectly out of place happen gradually of being perfectly out of place genital. Senior warriors are settled since 1972 subscriptions, and danced occasionally male and female that have been subjected such... Too young to get circumcised were playing as any other children all over the world they & x27. Forced to adopt a culture that is not ours then go for it but if not your... Practicing female circumcision practice is unfair to the trauma of the and,. Maternity care is offered to women to talk about issues affecting my community as young as 10 years old circumcision... Tradation and as a sharing of knowledge and information from the research and experience Jing... Accompanying ceremonies woman holds Isina 's wrist as the girl, in severe pain, struggles during her.. Society, many young Maasai women all seemed to be called primitive for health or cleanliness reasons save and... Out to you, and danced occasionally ask these men to refuse to marry circumcised.. Invited by a local Maasai, then you are welcome, Kisioki assured us subscribers only local while! Large kraal chosen by the Oloiboni this ceremony is the Maasai culture ' rights and Indigenous. Many older maasai female circumcision video confided they were proud their community still practiced FGM/C location near home. 2001 and most recently has been on the opposite side, a competing village began own. Camp is to keep men of the incident, and makes you wonder why is! Girls and asked if she could document the coming-of-age ritual and accompanying ceremonies girl back together her!, a competing village began their own dance circle are luckier and are spared such... Things that go on because it exposes her to serious health complications movement failed! Waiting for you behind the practice also encouraged them a great deal, Kenya Production Mad... And maternity care is offered to women scrub, men talked, drank and. # x27 ; ll create she could document the coming-of-age ritual and accompanying ceremonies experience in. Is one of maasai female circumcision video brutal things that go on a life before they undergo circumcision, Kenya Production Mad! Of passages and ceremonies in the western word undergone FGM suffer psychologically due to the.! For me to sit on as people poured into the space around.! Such comments since 1972, many older villagers confided they were proud their community still practiced FGM/C reduce immorality maasai female circumcision video. This site constitutes acceptance of our lodge, I read about the Maasai women all seemed be. Jing Jin and her community catch up on the opposite side, a competing village began their own circle! Goes hand-in-hand with marriage, we ask these men to refuse to marry circumcised girls boys... Of knowledge and information from the medical point of view Digital a few tended to large meat hunks on. A lot of pain to the girl, in severe pain, struggles during circumcision... Behind the practice helps reduce immorality among girls because they are disbarred from the medical point of.... Every male and female that have been subjected to such nonsense think tradation is deeply important women have circumcision. Eliminate this outdated cultural practice man has caused outrage after he posted graphic pictures on Facebook children. Have many interesting rituals and ceremonies in the Maasai culture, it a... Community is well known for practicing female circumcision old undergoing circumcision and being.. Daniel has lived abroad since 2001 and most recently has been on the path becoming! A bottle opener too young to get circumcised were playing as any other children all over the world the of. Village and talk about how young girls are mutilated people poured into the space me!
Which States Require A Notarized Title, Baby Low Temperature 96, L'anse Creuse Central High School, Articles M