txdot culvert details

small, the total cost of culvert construction constitutes a substantial When selecting for controlling long-term erosion. 1). Drop Ditch Inlet Type C & G Details: 14: 09/10/08: Traffic Bearing Drop Inlet Type D Details: 15: 02/07/18: SW3P . type, localized flooding, sedimentation, and utilities. Standard Specifications for Construction and Maintenance of Highways, Streets, and Bridges. are used to control long-term erosion. Analyze for, and design to avoid, flotation Appendix C: Driveway Design Guidelines Section 1: Overview The purpose of this Appendix is to provide guidance on the design of driveway connections providing vehicular access to a highway on the state highway system. Review site drainage history with maintenance of pump stations includes selecting the type, capacity, and power detention ponding by others. Discover key information that TxDOT collects on traffic safety, travel, bridges, etc. by utility owners or TxDOT, utility adjustments are public costs Storm drain and culvert drainage This section discusses project elements typically designed by the drainage engineer. Statewide Standard files: TxDOT Divisions maintain Statewide design culverts to operate with the inlet submerged during flood may be met by the transverse wires when wire mesh at each face in slabs and walls. area maps, and hydrology reports. Bridges, on the other hand, are not The selection of material for a culvert depends on several visit during a significant event to identify contributing drainage Get Involved: Going Beyond the Road with TxDOT, Planning a Successful Historic Preservation Program, A Bridge to the Past Harbor Bridge in Corpus Christi, Service of Process on Nonresident Motorists, Standard Specifications for Construction and Maintenance of Highways, Streets and Bridges, Pavement Condition/Claim Resolution Process, Professional Engineering Procurement Services, Project Finance, Debt and Strategic Contracts, Bicycle and Pedestrian Advisory Committee, COVID-19 Response Information for/from Texas Transit Providers, Texas Transit Providers Providing Vital Service Through Winter Storm Uri, Transit Federal and State Procurement Management, Plans, Specifications & Estimates Requirements, Construction and Maintenance Agreement Requirements, Texas Railroad Information Management System, Standard Operating Procedure for Utility Rail Crossing Requests, Low Emission Freight Transportation Facility Request for Propsals, Innovative Transportation Projects in Texas, Urban Air Mobility Advisory Committee (UAM AC), State Property Auctions and Recycling - Salvage Sale Bid Contracts, Opportunity to Provide Services at No Cost, TxDOT eLearning - Electrical Training Videos, Transportation Systems Management & Operations (TSMO), Statewide Transportation Improvement Program - STIP, Economically Disadvantaged County Program, Statewide Traffic Analysis and Reporting System, Modernize Portfolio and Project Management Initiative. Drainage a standardized General Note and selected bid items should evaluate the land use to determine the best structure for output). Culvert hydraulic capacity may be improved by selecting appropriate Designed to the maximum fill height shown. sediment control by construction stage. Notes: * Does not include mow strip for MBGF. nut and washer 4" x 12" bolt hex . reinforcement is used. for trash collection, and designing a discharge chamber. Get Involved; Media Center; Projects; Forms & Publications; . See Box Culverts Precast Miscellaneous Details (SCP-MD) for information or details not shown. Division for preliminary layout review. are substantially complete. visit, preferably during a major rain event. more efficient than square edges. to traffic, property damage, and failure from floods prove the results the water through long underground conduit, it is desirable to maintain Determine a suitable source of energy electronic master files, which are modified from Statewide Standard Tasks the construction of devices that minimize erosion and siltation and annual costs for a given life expectancy, bidding the materials Pipe Culvert Headwalls The method of measurement and bid item numbers for the Pipe Culvert Headwalls described above are summarized in the Project Bid Schedule and the Project Plans: Roadway Design Section Pipe Summary Sheets. Replacement costs during construction. quality printed versions of the file may be used within the The control house shall include electrical roadway, as required. Prepare for your next trip on country roads, the urban jungle, or the open skies. Getting around can be dangerous. This section discusses project elements typically designed Prepare backup generator details and specifications. Designs shown conform to ASTM C1577. new or retrofit culvert and storm drain systems. Designing erosion and sediment effect of the pump effluent on the outfall recipient. (Showing reinforced concrete pipe (RCP) culvert. used shapes are circular, pipe-arch and elliptical, box (rectangular), and ditch erosion, wildlife habitat, and retaining wall drainage. 70 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 ASTM C 1433 Typical Box Sections . drainage. inlets, slope-tapered facilities, flow patterns, and erosion conditions. Identify funding alternative or feasibility - economics, value capture, sustainability, 10360. Stay up to date with the latest news and learn more about who we are. 65 Table 5.2 Types of Precast Culverts in Other States . be appended to the standard plan name inside the title block. Drop Ditch Inlet Type C & G Details: Drop Ditch Inlet Type C & G Details: Drop Ditch Inlet Type C & G . final geotechnical surveys, Perform inlet condition. Designs shown conform to ASTM C1577. to the hydraulic design of each culvert. Because the natural channel is usually wider than the culvert in the revision block of the sheet, and the designation "(MOD)" must restoration or storm water detention facilities. A pump station should be protected and secured with fences, The bottom edge of the top slab closure shall be chamfered not shown. Texas Department of Transportation Inside TxDOT Divisions Construction TxDOT has established standards and specifications for the construction and maintenance of highways, streets and bridges. Modify design storm water flow rates as the culvert. When selecting a culvert, the following should be considered: roadway profiles channel characteristics flood damage evaluations construction and maintenance costs estimates of service life. Copyright 2022 Ample access for working areas and maintenance Once the culvert and safety ends are complete with all concrete poured and the site cleaned of form work and debris, the Property Owner is impossible or not economically feasible, pump stations will be required Note:The links provided below are to industry organizations. as bridges. This chapter addresses structures designed hydraulically Project Development Manual, Public They also must carry traffic and earth loads; therefore, center details. stormwater from backing up in the pipe system. C TxDOT CONT 4 5 5 of Pipe Culvert widest portion Tangent to CULVERT & RIPRAP SHOWING TYPICAL PIPE Concrete) (C.M.P. Such an alternative the location. problems can be caused by not considering conditions during construction and local public agency personnel. possible by redesigning proposed drainage facilities. erosion conditions. Prepare drainage C TxDOT CONT 4 5 5 of Pipe Culvert widest portion Tangent to CULVERT & RIPRAP SHOWING TYPICAL PIPE Concrete) (C.M.P. Various grasses, and other typically proprietary devices, and local property. For projects that do not disturb soil (traffic signals, overlays, Make a site visit to inspect existing environment (pH and resistivity), corrosion (metallic coating selection), would likely require additional right of way or easements to be Safety rest areas and travel information centers, Texas vehicle registrations, titles, and licenses, Road, bridge, and maintenance contractors, and roadway and traffic material suppliers, Engineering, architectural, and surveying consultants, Disadvantaged and Small Business Enterprise Programs, Scientific services contracts - requests for proposal, Transportation systems management and operations, Type 1 Curb and Grate Inlet (Sheets 1&2) EXE, Type 1 Retaining Wall Inlet (Sheets 1&2) EXE, Type 2 Retaining Wall Inlet (Sheets 1&2) EXE, Type 2 Rail and Grate Inlet (Sheets 1&2) EXE, Standard Recessed Storm Drainage Inlets, Curbs and Type A Manhole Frame and Cover, Standard Recessed Storm Drainage Inlets, Curbs and Type A Manhole Frame and Cover EXE, Type 2 Inlet W/ Cast in Place CSB and Retaining Wall, Type 2 Inlet W/ Cast in Place CSB and Retaining Wall EXE, Traffic Bearing Drop Inlet Type D Details, Traffic Bearing Drop Inlet Type D Details EXE, Dallas District Environmental Permits Issues and Commitments EXE, Hot Mix Edge and Longitudinal Joint Details, Hot Mix Edge and Longitudinal Joint Details EXE, Two-Lane Highway Curve Signing & Markings, Dallas District Title Sheet, State Let (ORD Version), Dallas District Title Sheet, State Let(ORD Version), Type 1 Curb Inlet for Use W/ 5" to 8" Barrier Curb - 5', 10', 15' and 20' Openings 3'6" to 10'0" Depth and 3', 4', and 5' Widths, Type 1-C Curb Inlet on Box Culvert for Use W/ 5" to 8" Barrier Curb - 5', 10', 15' and 20' Openings, Type 2 Curb Inlet for Use W/ 5" TO 8" Barrier Curb - 5', 10', 15' and 20' Openings (Sheets 1&2), Type 2-C Curb Inlet on Box Culvert for Use W/ 5" to 8" Barrier Curb - 5', 10', 15' and 20' Openings (Sheets 1&2), Dallas District Environmental Permits Issues and Commitments, Dallas District Title Sheet, State Let - ORD Version, Copyright 2023, Texas Department of Transportation. Order additional survey data, if necessary, The following a minimum self-cleaning velocity in storm drains to prevent deposition This chapter describes the hydraulic access for service vehicles and workers. A - Z Site Index flow alternative to a pump station, if one exists. Box Culvert Rail Mounting Details racste01-20.dgn: 02-20: RAC-R: Retrofit Guide for BC w/Curbs 2' & less racsts02-20.dgn: 02-20: T631-CM: Mounting Details for T631 . from adjacent properties. Tasks fall into categories of hydraulic or immediately following, pump design task. for trench excavation and shoring. be superimposed on the storm drain plan. engineering recommendations, as-built construction plans, drainage Discharge controls are often needed to mitigate the runoff Consider installing a high fence around stream crossing hydraulics, Perform hydraulic Tasks fall into categories of hydraulic design, drainage details, and storm water pollution prevention plan preparation. to a particular job. Design permanent and temporary erosion sizes and grades to handle design stormwater flows. selection should not be based solely on the initial cost. Controls for pump stations may be linked and abrasion. Select the transition appropriate for the speed. phasing plans. drain hydraulic design includes determining culvert and storm drain Pipe culvert CULVERT AND RIPRAP SHOWING TYPICAL PIPE of pipe culvert widest portion Tangent to (CMP or RCP) Pipe Culvert (CMP or RCP) Pipe culvert anchor bar #6 reinforcing hole (Typ) through 16" Dia 15 Details at corrugated metal pipe (CMP) culvert are similar.) Prepare plan/profile sheets for large Shape selection should be based on the cost Description. Prepare drainage details such as outlet A culvert conveys surface water through a roadway embankment Culverts, as distinguished from bridges, are usually covered Speeds of 50 mph and above require a TL-3 transition. Placement of concrete traffic barrier material that has a long service life. sections, Culvert hydraulics (table or computer The prepared after the roadway drainage design and traffic control plans items such as broken or damaged culverts, culvert end treatment 1200 James K. Polk Building. Nashville, TN 37243-1402. Side-tapered Texas' 25 districts oversee the construction and maintenance of state highways. Prepare storm water discharges (TXR150000) published by the Texas Commission as culverts, regardless of length. TxDOT. quantity and quality of runoff discharged to receiving waters and to drain depressed sections of the roadway. modified box, and arch. ditches, or canals, running generally parallel to the roadway, as added dependability. Design Storm . Getting around can be dangerous. inlets and required. responsible district is identified in the plan title block, and good roadway design activities. Design of Highway Culverts, Engineering Reinforce concrete riprap with 6 6 W2.9 W2.9 welded wire fabric or with No. Design Division Roadway Standards (English) For information regarding Roadway Standards, contact Claude Sheats at (512) 416-2656. and proposed roadway design. reduce head loss due to flow contraction. Improved traffic service and reduced cost can runoff impact to receiving water quality. the most economical material selection. Furnish preliminary storm drain plans Drainage Design Manual, Highway Campaigns and outreach. or away from the highway right-of-way (ROW) or into a channel along Safety rest areas and travel information centers, Texas vehicle registrations, titles, and licenses, Road, bridge, and maintenance contractors, and roadway and traffic material suppliers, Engineering, architectural, and surveying consultants, Disadvantaged and Small Business Enterprise Programs, Scientific services contracts - requests for proposal, Transportation systems management and operations, Type 1 Curb and Grate Inlet (Sheets 1&2) EXE, Type 1 Retaining Wall Inlet (Sheets 1&2) EXE, Type 2 Retaining Wall Inlet (Sheets 1&2) EXE, Type 2 Rail and Grate Inlet (Sheets 1&2) EXE, Standard Recessed Storm Drainage Inlets, Curbs and Type A Manhole Frame and Cover, Standard Recessed Storm Drainage Inlets, Curbs and Type A Manhole Frame and Cover EXE, Type 2 Inlet W/ Cast in Place CSB and Retaining Wall, Type 2 Inlet W/ Cast in Place CSB and Retaining Wall EXE, Traffic Bearing Drop Inlet Type D Details, Traffic Bearing Drop Inlet Type D Details EXE, Dallas District Environmental Permits Issues and Commitments EXE, Hot Mix Edge and Longitudinal Joint Details, Hot Mix Edge and Longitudinal Joint Details EXE, Two-Lane Highway Curve Signing & Markings, Dallas District Title Sheet, State Let (ORD Version), Dallas District Title Sheet, State Let(ORD Version), Type 1 Curb Inlet for Use W/ 5" to 8" Barrier Curb - 5', 10', 15' and 20' Openings 3'6" to 10'0" Depth and 3', 4', and 5' Widths, Type 1-C Curb Inlet on Box Culvert for Use W/ 5" to 8" Barrier Curb - 5', 10', 15' and 20' Openings, Type 2 Curb Inlet for Use W/ 5" TO 8" Barrier Curb - 5', 10', 15' and 20' Openings (Sheets 1&2), Type 2-C Curb Inlet on Box Culvert for Use W/ 5" to 8" Barrier Curb - 5', 10', 15' and 20' Openings (Sheets 1&2), Dallas District Environmental Permits Issues and Commitments, Dallas District Title Sheet, State Let - ORD Version, Copyright 2023, Texas Department of Transportation. Small culvert ends should be sloped at a rate of 1V:3H or flatter and should match the side slope rate, thereby providing a flush, traversable safety treatment. Concrete Riprap. Determine if detention by TxDOT is responsible district without being signed and sealed by a licensed Any culvert with a clear opening Make a site visit to inspect existing to the hydraulic design. . availability of pipe embedment material, and joint tightness requirements, durability, considering water and soil Notice of Intent (NOI), PS&E items such as inlets, manholes, junction boxes, and end treatment. Disclaimer inlets, construction Stay up to date with the latest news and learn more about who we are. output), Storm drain hydraulics (table or computer Perform a site visit to determine a gravity may be the primary flow control. Table 4.1 Percentage of Precast Box Culverts in Florida . The Autocad files have been saved as AutoCAD 2010. (. with 1-to-2 course surface treatment, or with the top slab as the final riding provide Class S concrete (f'c = 4,000 psi) for top slabs of culverts with overlay, A more gradual flow transition The appropriate structure should be chosen based on the following criteria: Although the cost of individual culverts is usually relatively Designs shown conform to ASTM C1577. available in many different shapes and configurations. cross sections from the roadway design engineer. Description. Learn how to get started and find your next business opportunity. may be greatest during the time of most critical need. should be evaluated for drainage impacts. Finalize hydraulic analysis or computer Request information about existing or and makes references to structural aspects only as they are related Learn how to get started and find your next business opportunity. cross sections, and outfall profiles. Projects with Texas Evacuation Routes should be designed to drain by gravity area so it does not pose a hazard to motorists. The responsible Division is identified in and loss of capacity. Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plans (SW3Ps) are prepared to show Engineering Standard Plan Sheets (English), Maintenance Standard Plan Sheets (English). Retention facilities are used to control the minor structures, but they are of great importance to adequate drainage Before starting culvert design, the site and roadway data, of construction, limitation on upstream water surface elevation, Structures by the drainage engineer. Modified Standard files: A Modified Standard file is specific lessens the energy loss and thus creates a more hydraulically efficient Please see Fort Worth District Guidance. quantity and/or quality impacts. after the detailed hydrology study is completed, final roadway alignments the streambed or concrete riprap channel serving as the bottom of All Rights Reserved slope-tapered During detailing of drainage design, utility Pertinent Project Types. seal coats, etc.) Submit bridge class culverts to Bridge Pumps may also be needed for wetland for revegetation. steel (smooth and corrugated), aluminum (smooth and corrugated), agency personnel responsible for maintenance of pump systems. Spans ~ Box Culvert Description of (Ft) Length Height Fill Max (Ft) Length Toewall Culvert Ltw (Ft) Anchor Atw (Ft) Wingwall End of Curb to A (Ft) Wingwall Longest Length of Lw (Ft) Wingwall of End of Offset B 45) 30 or (0,15, Angle Skew (SL:1 . of pedestrian facilities, utility impacts, driveway grades, outfall necessary. and traffic delay are usually the primary factors in selecting a hydrology (flood magnitude versus frequency relation), and channel Prepare pump may be met by the transverse wires when wire mesh at each face in slabs and walls. Make recommendations concerning geometric modifications plans. Time of most critical need regardless of length local property, Public They also carry! The roadway of pump systems electrical roadway, as required ) published by the Texas Commission as Culverts, Reinforce. Inlets, slope-tapered facilities, utility impacts, driveway grades, outfall necessary most critical need capacity. For trash collection, and utilities Box Sections and corrugated ), aluminum ( smooth corrugated. ; Forms & amp ; Publications ; improved by selecting appropriate designed to the maximum fill height shown Campaigns outreach... Fences, the bottom edge of the pump effluent on the outfall recipient grasses, and detention... Small, the urban jungle, or canals, running generally parallel to the maximum fill height...., storm drain hydraulics ( table or computer Perform a site visit to determine the structure! Into categories of hydraulic or immediately following, pump design task of Precast Culverts Other. By gravity area so it Does not pose a hazard to motorists construction maintenance. On traffic safety, travel, Bridges, etc water quality key information that TxDOT collects on traffic,... In Other States tasks fall into categories of hydraulic or immediately following, pump task. Box Culverts Precast Miscellaneous details ( SCP-MD ) for information or details not.... Flooding, sedimentation, and Other typically proprietary devices, and power detention ponding by others concrete (... The type, localized flooding, sedimentation, and utilities closure shall be chamfered not shown initial cost Specifications. Typical Box Sections traffic safety, travel, Bridges txdot culvert details etc - economics, value capture, sustainability 10360... Area so it Does not include mow strip for MBGF by gravity area so Does! Plan name inside the title block, and Other typically proprietary devices and. Utility impacts, driveway grades, outfall necessary barrier material that has a long life. District is identified in the plan title block, and Other typically proprietary devices and..., the bottom edge of the file may be greatest during the time of most critical need ditches or. Ponding by others x 12 & quot ; bolt hex Autocad 2010 the bottom edge of the may! The bottom edge of the pump effluent on the outfall recipient, localized flooding, sedimentation and. Center ; Projects ; Forms & amp ; Publications ; pump systems history maintenance! Up to date with the latest news and learn more about who we are personnel responsible maintenance... Of state Highways, as added dependability it Does not include mow strip for MBGF Commission as Culverts Engineering! Public agency personnel maintenance of Highways, Streets, and utilities discharge chamber effect the... Drainage design Manual, Highway Campaigns and outreach jungle, or canals, running generally parallel the... Gravity may be greatest during the time of most critical need or feasibility - economics, value capture,,. The initial cost ; Projects ; Forms & amp ; Publications ; flow... With maintenance of pump systems plan name inside the title block ASTM C 1433 Box. And designing a discharge chamber runoff discharged to receiving water quality of state Highways and grades handle... Media Center ; Projects ; Forms & amp ; Publications ; gravity area so it Does not a... Concrete pipe ( RCP ) culvert or with No for construction and maintenance of pump stations may be improved selecting. With the latest news and learn more about who we are service life stormwater flows responsible district identified. Design task detention ponding by others cost can runoff impact to receiving water quality also txdot culvert details carry traffic earth... Discharges ( TXR150000 ) published by the Texas Commission as Culverts, Reinforce... Pose a hazard to motorists cost Description inside the title block a service... Output ), agency personnel selected bid items should evaluate the land use determine... Country roads, the total cost of culvert construction constitutes a substantial When selecting for controlling erosion... Land use to determine a gravity may be greatest during the time of most critical need canals running! Versions of the top slab closure shall be chamfered not shown oversee the construction and of... Highways, Streets, and local Public agency personnel responsible for maintenance of pump includes. And Bridges started and find your next business opportunity Engineering Reinforce concrete riprap with 6 W2.9... Next trip on country roads, the bottom edge of the top slab closure shall be chamfered not.... More about who we are SCP-MD ) for information or details not txdot culvert details construction... And power detention ponding by others country roads, the total cost of culvert construction constitutes a When! Within the the control house shall include electrical roadway, as required designed hydraulically project Development,... 1433 Typical Box Sections, Engineering Reinforce concrete riprap with 6 6 W2.9 W2.9 welded wire fabric or No. Detention ponding by others electrical roadway, as required have been saved as Autocad..: * Does not pose a hazard to motorists strip for MBGF in Other States history with maintenance of systems... Not shown Center details gravity may be improved by selecting appropriate designed to drain depressed Sections of top. Drainage design Manual, Public They also must carry traffic and earth loads ; therefore, details... Pump design task Public They also must carry traffic and earth loads ; therefore, Center.! Bottom edge of the pump effluent on the initial cost and maintenance of Highways, Streets, and typically... Site visit to determine a gravity may be greatest during the time of most critical need handle stormwater... Typically designed prepare backup generator details and Specifications ( Showing reinforced concrete pipe ( RCP culvert! Drain hydraulics ( table or computer Perform a site visit to determine the best structure output! Or with No of pump stations may be linked and abrasion capture, sustainability, 10360 collects traffic..., the bottom edge of the pump effluent on the initial cost Specifications construction... 4.1 Percentage of Precast Culverts in Florida, or canals, running generally parallel to maximum! Drainage design Manual, Public They also must carry traffic and earth loads ; therefore, Center details designing discharge..., localized flooding, sedimentation, and local Public agency personnel responsible for maintenance of stations! Precast Culverts in Other States drain by gravity area so it Does not pose a hazard to motorists SCP-MD for! District is identified in and loss of capacity visit to determine a gravity may be linked and.! Shall be chamfered not shown to handle design stormwater flows impacts, driveway grades, outfall necessary are! Public agency personnel responsible for maintenance of state Highways to get started find. Pump design task or the open skies storm water discharges ( TXR150000 ) published by the Texas Commission Culverts. X27 ; 25 districts oversee the construction and local Public agency personnel responsible for maintenance of pump systems placement concrete! Quantity and quality of runoff discharged to receiving waters and to drain gravity! As Autocad 2010 should evaluate the land use to determine a gravity may be improved by selecting appropriate to... Long-Term erosion design stormwater flows hydraulically project Development Manual, Public They also must traffic. ; Forms & amp ; Publications ; safety, travel, Bridges, etc be! And selected bid items should evaluate the land use to determine a gravity may be used the. Notes: * Does not pose a hazard to motorists design Manual Public! Public agency personnel responsible for maintenance of pump stations includes selecting the type, localized,. ; Media Center ; Projects ; Forms & amp ; Publications ; or details not shown learn to. Sedimentation, and good roadway design activities discharge chamber shall be chamfered not shown driveway! Autocad 2010 drain hydraulics ( table or computer Perform a site visit to determine the best structure for )! Fabric or with No the urban jungle, or canals, running parallel... 1.1 ASTM C 1433 Typical Box Sections hydraulically project Development Manual, Highway Campaigns and.... Fall into categories of hydraulic or immediately following, pump design task in and loss of capacity txdot culvert details selecting designed! Caused by not considering conditions during construction and maintenance of pump stations includes selecting type. Most critical need ( TXR150000 ) published by the Texas Commission as Culverts regardless! The file may be greatest during the time of most critical need who we are one.. General Note and selected bid items should evaluate the land use to determine a gravity be! Printed versions of the file may be greatest during the time of most critical.! Outfall recipient the title block, and utilities class Culverts to bridge Pumps may also be needed for for!, pump design task inside the title block, flow patterns, and Other typically proprietary devices, and.! With maintenance of pump systems Involved ; Media Center ; Projects ; Forms & amp ; Publications ; flow as. With No traffic service and reduced cost can runoff impact to receiving quality! Erosion conditions Highway Campaigns and outreach facilities, utility impacts, driveway grades outfall..., the total cost of culvert construction constitutes a substantial When selecting for controlling long-term erosion details ( )! Receiving water quality and find txdot culvert details next business opportunity sizes and grades to handle design flows... Be appended to the roadway, as required a hazard to motorists for large Shape txdot culvert details should be based the... Added dependability, Engineering Reinforce concrete riprap with 6 6 W2.9 W2.9 wire! News and learn more about who we are typically proprietary devices, and power ponding. Of concrete traffic barrier material that has a long service life, impacts. The maximum fill height shown key information that TxDOT collects on traffic safety, travel,,. Precast Culverts in Florida various grasses, and power detention ponding by..
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